Evaluation of methods to estimate production, biomass and turnover of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests soils – A review

Wallander, Håkan; Ekblad, Alf; Godbold, Douglas L.; Johnson, David; Bahr, Adam; Baldrián, Petr; Björk, Robert G.; Kieliszewska-Rokicka, Barbara; Kjøller, Rasmus; Kraigher, Hojka; Plassard, Claude; Rudawska, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.08.027

Cited by 218 publications

(180 citation statements)

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“…This large variation may derive from the factors regulating EMM production as well as from differences in the various methods used to assess mycelial biomass (ergosterol, phospholipid fatty acids, dry matter etc. ; see Wallander et al (2013)). Although EMM production data exist from a number of sites, there is a strong bias towards Norway spruce (P. abies) and southern Scandinavia and data from other areas and other forest types are needed.…”

Section: Exploration Typesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…An underestimate of production combined with an overestimate of standing biomass would result in an underestimate of the rate of turnover. A solution to this problem may be to combine sequential harvesting of in-growth bags with a 13 CO 2 pulse labelling of the mycelium via the plant and analyses of 13 C in structural components of the mycelium such as glucosamine (for further technical discussions, see Wallander et al 2013).…”

Section: Estimation Of Standing Biomass and Turnover Of Emmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling

et al. 2013

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There is growing evidence of the importance of extramatrical mycelium (EMM) of mycorrhizal fungi in carbon (C) cycling in ecosystems. However, our understanding has until recently been mainly based on laboratory experiments, and knowledge of such basic parameters as variations in mycelial production, standing biomass and turnover as well as the regulatory mechanisms behind such variations in forest soils is limited. Presently, the production of EMM by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi has been Plant Soil (2013) at~140 different forest sites to be up to several hundreds of kg per ha per year, but the published data are biased towards Picea abies in Scandinavia. Little is known about the standing biomass and turnover of EMM in other systems, and its influence on the C stored or lost from soils. Here, focussing on ectomycorrhizas, we discuss the factors that regulate the production and turnover of EMM and its role in soil C dynamics, identifying important gaps in this knowledge. C availability seems to be the key factor determining EMM production and possibly its standing biomass in forests but direct effects of mineral nutrient availability on the EMM can be important. There is great uncertainty about the rate of turnover of EMM. There is increasing evidence that residues of EM fungi play a major role in the formation of stable N and C in SOM, which highlights the need to include mycorrhizal effects in models of global soil C stores.

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Section: Exploration Typesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Estimation Of Standing Biomass and Turnover Of Emmmentioning

confidence: 99%

The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling

et al. 2013

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“…We used polyester mycorrhizal mesh bags (10 × 6 × 2 cm, 38 μm mesh size) that allow the ingrowth of ectomycorrhizal mycelia but not of roots (Wallander et al 2001(Wallander et al , 2013, which were filled with 145 g of quartz sand. Due to the low nutritional value of this substrate, mycorrhizal mesh bags are assumed to predominantly contain mycorrhizal fungi (Wallander et al 2001).…”

Section: Mycorrhizal Fungal Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-root trait plasticity of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) forests on two contrasting soils

et al. 2016

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Aim The fine roots of trees may show plastic responses to their resource environment. Several, contrasting hypotheses exist on this plasticity, but empirical evidence for these hypotheses is scattered. This study aims to enhance our understanding of tree root plasticity by examining intra-specific variation in fine-root mass and morphology, fine-root growth and decomposition, and associated mycorrhizal interactions in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests on soils that differ in resource availability. MethodsWe measured the mass and morphological traits of fine roots (i.e. ≤ 2 mm diameter) sampled to 50 cm depth. Fine-root growth was measured with ingrowth cores, and fine-root decomposition with litter bags. Mycorrhizal fungal biomass was determined using ingrowth mesh bags. Results Both tree species showed more than three times higher fine-root mass, and a ten-fold higher fine-root growth rate on sand than on clay, but no or marginal differences in overall fine-root morphology. Within the fine-root category however, beech stands had relatively more root length of their finest roots on clay than on sand. In the spruce stands, ectomycorrhizal mycelium biomass was larger on sand than on clay. Conclusions In temperate beech and spruce forests, fine-root mass and mycorrhizal fungal biomass, rather than fine-root morphology, are changed to ensure uptake under different soil resource conditions. Yet enhancing our mechanistic understanding of fine-root trait plasticity and how it affects tree growth requires more attention to fine-root dynamics, the functional diversity within the fine-roots, and mycorrhizal symbiosis as an important belowground uptake strategy.

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“…Two soil cores per plot (n = 6) were taken to a depth of 40 cm. The amount of extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelia was estimated using the mesh bag technique (see Wallander et al, 2013 for a detailed description).…”

Section: Soil Respiration (Approach 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A fertile peatland forest does not constitute a major greenhouse gas sink

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Afforestation has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate the often high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural soils with high organic matter content. However, the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes after afforestation can be considerable, depending predominantly on site drainage and nutrient availability. Studies on the full GHG budget of afforested organic soils are scarce and hampered by the uncertainties associated with methodology. In this study we determined the GHG budget of a spruce-dominated forest on a drained organic soil with an agricultural history. Two different approaches for determining the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) were applied, for the year 2008, one direct (eddy covariance) and the other indirect (analyzing the different components of the GHG budget), so that uncertainties in each method could be evaluated. The annual tree production in 2008 was 8.3 ± 3.9 t C ha −1 yr −1 due to the high levels of soil nutrients, the favorable climatic conditions and the fact that the forest was probably in its phase of maximum C assimilation or shortly past it. The N 2 O fluxes were determined by the closed-chamber technique and amounted to 0.9 ± 0.8 t C eq ha −1 yr −1 . According to the direct measurements from the eddy covariance technique, the site acts as a minor GHG sink of −1.2 ± 0.8 t C eq ha −1 yr −1 . This contrasts with the NEE estimate derived from the indirect approach which suggests that the site is a net GHG emitter of 0.6 ± 4.5 t C eq ha −1 yr −1 . Irrespective of the approach applied, the soil CO 2 effluxes counter large amounts of the C sequestration by trees. Due to accumulated uncertainties involved in the indirect approach, the direct approach is considered the more reliable tool. As the rate of C sequestration will likely decrease with forest age, the site will probably become a GHG source once again as the trees do not compensate for the soil C and N losses. Also forests in younger age stages have been shown to have lower C assimilation rates; thus, the overall GHG sink potential of this afforested nutrient-rich organic soil is probably limited to the short period of maximum C assimilation.

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Evaluation of methods to estimate production, biomass and turnover of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests soils – A review

Cited by 218 publications

References 172 publications

The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling

The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling

Fine-root trait plasticity of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) forests on two contrasting soils

A fertile peatland forest does not constitute a major greenhouse gas sink

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