EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT IN CHILDREN: Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure

Zemel, Babette S.; Riley, Elizabeth; Stallings, Virginia A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.211

Cited by 141 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Weight reflects health and nutrition status, and adjusted for height, it is a useful tool to predict fatness (Zemel et al, 1997;Ellis, 2000). However, weight changes with age during childhood (Ellis, 2000) and, therefore, weight needs to be adjusted to compare an individual child with others of the same age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, weight changes with age during childhood (Ellis, 2000) and, therefore, weight needs to be adjusted to compare an individual child with others of the same age. Thus, although treatment effectiveness is usually monitored with serial measures of weight and height, body mass index (BMI ¼ weight/height 2 ) is a useful proxy measure of adiposity (Zemel et al, 1997;Ellis, 2000), and can be converted to a centile or z-score adjusted for age and sex using the US CDC 2000 growth reference (Kuczmarski et al, 2000). Changes in adiposity over time can, thus, be based on the change in BMI, or the proportional (percentage) change in BMI, or the change in BMI z-score or centile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile?

et al. 2005

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Background: Weight control programs for obese children monitor change in body mass index (BMI) adjusted for age. However, change can be measured in several ways: raw (kg/m 2 ) units, percentage, z-scores or centiles. The suitability of the different measures is not known. Aim: To identify the optimal BMI measure for change, whose short-term variability is most consistent for children across the spectrum of adiposity. Setting: An Italian kindergarten. Subjects: A total of 135 (66 female) children aged 29-68 months at baseline, with BMI measured three times over a 9-month period. Methods: Each child's short-term variability in adiposity was summarized by the standard deviation (s.d.) of BMI and BMI % adjusted for age, and BMI z-score and BMI centile. The s.d.'s were then compared in obese and nonobese children, and also correlated with each child's baseline BMI z-score. Results: The within-child s.d.s of BMI z-score and BMI centile were significantly smaller in obese than nonobese children, while the s.d.s of BMI and BMI % were similar in the two groups. Also, the within-child s.d.s of z-score and centile, and to a lesser extent BMI %, were significantly inversely correlated with baseline z-score, whereas the s.d. of BMI was not. The changes in adiposity over time, as assessed by the four measures, were very highly correlated with each other, particularly for BMI with BMI %. Discussion: Even though BMI z-score is optimal for assessing adiposity on a single occasion, it is not necessarily the best scale for measuring change in adiposity, as the within-child variability over time depends on the child's level of adiposity. Better alternatives are BMI itself or BMI %. Our results underscore the importance of using a relatively stable method to assess adiposity change when following children at risk of obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile?

et al. 2005

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“…The measurement of anthropometrics is a convenient, inexpensive, noninvasive method for evaluating short-term and long-term nutritional status (49). The most common anthropometric measurement is body weight (50).…”

Section: Nutritional Assessment In Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition in multiple sclerosis

Habek

Hojsak

Brinar

2010

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

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“…However, the only surrogate measure of leanness available to us was body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ). Fortunately, surface area and weight-for-height (% of reference population) correlate with lean body mass (Hamberger & Lundgren, 1965;Zemel et al, 1997). Sedentary daily energy expenditure in infants and children has been noted to be a power function of body weight (Butte et al, 2000), and the mathematical relation that best models this is energy expenditure p (weight) 0.7 , which normalizes for differences in age and body composition.…”

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 production during acute infection in malnourished Malawian children

et al. 2003

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Objective: This study tested the hypotheses that the rate of CO 2 production is less in marasmic children with acute infection when compared to well-nourished children, but greater when compared to uninfected marasmic children. Design: A descriptive comparison of children aged 12-60 months who had their rates of CO 2 production measured using a stable isotope tracer dilution method while receiving feedings. Body mass index (BMI) was the best measure of lean body mass available in this study. Setting: Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Subjects: A total of 56 children were studied, 28 with marasmus and acute infection, 16 with marasmus, and 12 well nourished with acute infection. Those with acute infection had malaria, pneumonia, or sepsis. Results: Well-nourished children with acute infection produced more CO 2 than marasmic children (344760 vs 225765 mmol CO 2 /h, mean7s.d., Po0.001; 24.274.6 vs 18.475.4 mmol CO 2 /BMI h, P ¼ 0.001). However, the rate of CO 2 production in marasmic children with acute infection was not greater than in uninfected marasmic children (225765 vs 228761 mmol CO 2 /h). The observed rate of CO 2 production was greater than that which could be produced from the dietary intake alone (29.6 vs. 25.8 mmol CO 2 /kg h). Conclusions: Marasmic children do not increase energy expenditure in response to acute infection, as well-nourished children do. Dietary energy provided to marasmic children should be at least 420 kJ/kg day.

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EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT IN CHILDREN: Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure

Cited by 141 publications

References 96 publications

What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile?

What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI %, BMI z-score or BMI centile?

Nutrition in multiple sclerosis

CO2 production during acute infection in malnourished Malawian children

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