“…Li et al (2023) conducted a comprehensive review, examining the temperature distribution and effects on different bridge types—girder, arch, cable-stayed, and suspension bridges—employing theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, experimental tests, and field monitoring. In a study by (Lee, 2016a; Lee et al, 2016), design-effective temperatures for steel box girders were estimated and evaluated using temperature field monitoring data gathered from both full-size steel box girder specimens and operational bridges. Investigating the Qingma suspension bridge spanning 2132 meters, Xia et al (2013) combined numerical analysis with field monitoring to study temperature distribution and response.…”