Evaluation of maleic acid based polymers as scale inhibitors and dispersants for industrial water applications

Amjad, Zahid; Koutsoukos, Petros G.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.12.012

Cited by 125 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Among additives fulfilling many of the above requirements are carboxylic acids (Hasson et al, 2011;Cao et al, 2014). To date, studies that have tested the effects of carboxylic acids on calcium sulfate precipitation have primarily evaluated changes in precipitation onset or the effect of high temperatures (Prisciandaro et al, 2005;Senthilmurugan et al, 2010;Ling et al, 2012;Amjad and Koutsoukos, 2014). Missing is a mechanistic understanding of the effects of variable concentrations of carboxylic acid and/or various carboxylic acid moieties.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carboxylic acids: effective inhibitors for calcium sulfate precipitation?

2014

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Results are reported here of an investigation into the effects of three carboxylic acid additives (tartaric, maleic and citric acids) on the precipitation of calcium sulfate phases. Precipitation reactions were followed at pH 7 in the pure CaSO 4 system and in experiments with 0À20 ppm carboxylic acids added using in situ UV-VIS spectrophotometry (turbidity). The solid products were characterized in terms of their mineralogical composition, using X-ray diffraction, during and at the end of each reaction, and in terms of their morphological features, by scanning electron microscopy. All additives increased the time needed for turbidity to develop (induction time, start of precipitation) and the comparison between additive and additive-free experiments showed that, at equivalent concentrations, citric acid performed far better than the other two carboxylic acids. In all cases bassanite precipitated first and with time it transformed to gypsum. The addition of citrate stabilized bassanite and changed the final gypsum habit from typical needle-like crystals in the pure CaSO 4 system to plates in the citrate-additive experiments.

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Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carboxylic acids: effective inhibitors for calcium sulfate precipitation?

2014

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“…Here, gypsum is considered as the most stable phase found in lower temperatures, while anhydrite can be commonly formed at higher temperatures 6 . Additionally the scale formation of calcium sulfate is influenced by many factors such as concentration of solution, pH value, temperature, pressures, and ionic strength 7 . Correspondingly, sulfate scaling of Ca-ions is of particular interest because this precipitation has shown inverse solubility, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polymaleic anhydride, and polyphosphates are commonly employed [9][10] . At that place are likewise a large number of commercial antiscalants with new formulations being continuously upgraded and tried out for a form of scaling species 7 . Among the various systems of using chemical additives, the prevention of scaling depends on their chemistry and the nature of the solids forming 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of Calcium Sulfate Precipitated in the Laminar Flow Pipe Through Response Surface Modeling of Temperature, Ca2+ Concentration and Citric Acid Additives

Raharjo¹,

Muryanto²,

Jamari³

et al. 2016

Orient. J. Chem

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This paper presents results of investigation of scaling of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ) on metallic pipes. In this study, the optimizing variables; namely temperature (50-60 0 C), concentration of Ca 2+(2000-3000 ppm), citric acid concentration (10-20 ppm) were set-up to provide the optimum yield of the mass scales. The mineral scale detected using XRD is mainly gypsum, and the scale has a plate like morphology under SEM examination. SRM (surface response methodology) prediction provided that the temperature is a significant factor, while the Ca 2+ concentration and the citrate are insignificant variables determining the optimal condition of the mass scale yields. An optimized mass scale response of 119.99 mg was obtained at a temperature of 56.36 O C, concentration Ca 2+ of 2649.21 ppm and citric acid concentration of 12.11 ppm, respectively. The addition of citric acid did not modify the crystal morphology, but may control the size of crystals.

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“…It was shown that performance of polymers is markedly affected by various cationic charged impurities [14,15]. To understand the impact of monomers containing different functional groups with scale forming salts, we examined the inhibitory activity of maleic acid based copolymers of varying molecular weight as gypsum scale inhibitors on heated metal surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Amjad

2017

Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib.

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The kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, gypsum) scale formation on heated metal surface from aqueous solution has been studied by a highly reproducible technique. It has been observed that gypsum growth takes place directly on heated metal surface without any bulk or spontaneous precipitation in the supersaturated solution. A variety of maleic acid based polymers with different functional groups have been examined for their inhibitory effect on gypsum growth. The results indicate that amount of gypsum scale formed on heated metal surface is strongly affected by polymer dosage and the functional groups present in the polymer. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the gypsum crystals grown in the presence of anionic polymeric additives show that structures of these crystals are highly modified. Results on the performance of various surfactants and biocides are presented.

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Evaluation of maleic acid based polymers as scale inhibitors and dispersants for industrial water applications

Cited by 125 publications

References 30 publications

Carboxylic acids: effective inhibitors for calcium sulfate precipitation?

Carboxylic acids: effective inhibitors for calcium sulfate precipitation?

Optimization of Calcium Sulfate Precipitated in the Laminar Flow Pipe Through Response Surface Modeling of Temperature, Ca2+ Concentration and Citric Acid Additives

Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

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