Evaluation of KO-Tab 1-2-3®: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets

Yates, Alison; N’Guessan, Raphaël; Kaur, Harsimran; Akogbéto, Martin; Rowland, Mark

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-52

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…LLINs from this campaign had just exceeded the three-year mark by the end of the trap evaluation, and thus, were counted as untreated. Furthermore, while large numbers of untreated nets had been distributed by KEMRI\CDC in the Asembo Bay area of Rarieda, these nets were treated with the KO-Tab 123 (a long-lasting insecticide formulation) [39] in early 2007. Therefore, it is likely that many of the bed nets used during this study still exhibited insecticidal activity, but were reported as untreated to err on the side of caution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya

Wong

Bayoh

Olang

et al. 2013

Malar J

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BackgroundOperational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. Human landing catch (HLC) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. This study assessed mosquito catch rates of CDC light trap (CDC-LT), Ifakara tent trap (ITT), window exit trap (WET), pot resting trap (PRT), and box resting trap (BRT) relative to HLC in western Kenya to 1) identify appropriate methods for operational sampling in this region, and 2) contribute to a larger, overarching project comparing standardized evaluations of vector trapping methods across multiple countries.MethodsMosquitoes were collected from June to July 2009 in four districts: Rarieda, Kisumu West, Nyando, and Rachuonyo. In each district, all trapping methods were rotated 10 times through three houses in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Anophelines were identified by morphology and females classified as fed or non-fed. Anopheles gambiae s.l. were further identified as Anopheles gambiae s.s. or Anopheles arabiensis by PCR. Relative catch rates were estimated by negative binomial regression.ResultsWhen data were pooled across all four districts, catch rates (relative to HLC indoor) for An. gambiae s.l (95.6% An. arabiensis, 4.4% An. gambiae s.s) were high for HLC outdoor (RR = 1.01), CDC-LT (RR = 1.18), and ITT (RR = 1.39); moderate for WET (RR = 0.52) and PRT outdoor (RR = 0.32); and low for all remaining types of resting traps (PRT indoor, BRT indoor, and BRT outdoor; RR < 0.08 for all). For Anopheles funestus, relative catch rates were high for ITT (RR = 1.21); moderate for HLC outdoor (RR = 0.47), CDC-LT (RR = 0.69), and WET (RR = 0.49); and low for all resting traps (RR < 0.02 for all). At finer geographic scales, however, efficacy of each trap type varied from district to district.ConclusionsITT, CDC-LT, and WET appear to be effective methods for large-scale vector sampling in western Kenya. Ultimately, choice of collection method for operational surveillance should be driven by trap efficacy and scalability, rather than fine-scale precision with respect to HLC. When compared with recent, similar trap evaluations in Tanzania and Zambia, these data suggest that traps which actively lure host-seeking females will be most useful for surveillance in the face of declining vector densities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya

Wong

Bayoh

Olang

et al. 2013

Malar J

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“…Alpha-cypermethrin content of unwashed and washed nets was determined from net samples measuring 5 cm × 5 cm using the method described by Yates et al [11]. Alpha-cypermethrin was extracted using acetonitrile and injected onto HPLC (Dionex Summit, Camberly, Surrey, UK), separated on a 120Å column, eluted with a 9:1 solution of water:acetonitrile and passed through a PDA-100 detector at 275 nm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the long-lasting insecticidal net Interceptor LN: laboratory and experimental hut studies against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in northeastern Tanzania

et al. 2013

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BackgroundLong lasting insecticidal nets (LN) are a primary method of malaria prevention. Before new types of LN are approved they need to meet quality and efficacy standards set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. The process of evaluation has three phases. In Phase I the candidate LN must meet threshold bioassay criteria after 20 standardized washes. In Phase II washed and unwashed LNs are evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free flying anopheline mosquitoes. In Phase III the LN are distributed to households in malaria endemic areas, sampled over three years of use and tested for continuing insecticidal efficacy. Interceptor® LN (BASF Corporation, Germany) is made of polyester netting coated with a wash resistant formulation of alpha-cypermethrin.MethodsInterceptor LN was subjected to bioassay evaluation and then to experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional alpha-cypermethrin treated nets (CTN) washed 20 times and LNs washed 0, 20 and 30 times.ResultsIn Phase I Interceptor LN demonstrated superior wash resistance and efficacy to the CTN. In the Phase II hut trial the LN killed 92% of female An. gambiae when unwashed and 76% when washed 20 times; the CTN washed 20 times killed 44%. The LN out-performed the CTN in personal protection and blood-feeding inhibition. The trend for An. funestus was similar to An. gambiae for all outcomes. Few pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were killed and yet the level of personal protection (75-90%) against Culex was similar to that of susceptible An. gambiae (76-80%) even after 20 washes. This protection is relevant because Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis in East Africa. After 20 washes and 60 nights’ use the LN retained 27% of its initial insecticide dose.ConclusionsInterceptor LN meets the approval criteria set by WHO and is recommended for use in disease control against East African vectors of malaria and filariasis. Some constraints associated with the phase II evaluation criteria, in particular the washing procedure, are critically reviewed.

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“…There is a growing awareness of the potential environmental impact of the increasing number of used and discarded ITNs. 4,5 As it is widely recognised that ITNs lose their effectiveness with time, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] ITN durability assessments and evaluations must be conducted under various conditions and settings. To address these issues, the World Health Organization released its Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in November 2005 6 and Guidelines for Monitoring the Durability of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets in 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Should We Take Them or Leave Them?" A Qualitative Study to Understand the Social, Cultural, and Ethical Issues Associated With the Lifecycle Management of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Tanzania

Mutalemwa

Massue

Kisoka

et al. 2018

EAHRJ

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Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are highly effective in reducing morbidity and mortality from malaria. However, it is widely accepted that ITNsif not re-treatedlose their effectiveness with time and eventually need to be replaced. This study sought to determine the social, ethical, and cultural issues related to the lifecycle of ITNs, which includes net ownership, usage, maintenance, reuse, recycling, disposal, and replacement. Methods: In this qualitative study, conducted in the districts of Mtwara Rural, Kilombero, and Muheza, Tanzania, we collected information about bed nets, including usage habits, types, treatment status, materials used, brands, acquisition sources, and perceptions thereof. We conducted 23 key informant interviews and 20 focus group discussions with village leaders, other influential people in the community, and district health-care personnel. Results: ITNs were deemed acceptable and used by most community members in the participating communities. Alternative uses and disposal practices of used bed nets were also common among community members; however, participants had limited knowledge regarding the health and environmental risks associated with these practices. Most participants did not perceive bed net recycling as a sustainable option. Recycling was considered feasible, however, if effective infrastructure for collection and disposal could be established. Poverty was identified as a major driving force towards alternative uses of bed nets. Financial constraints also meant that not all household members were able to sleep under bed nets; pregnant mothers, children under 5 years old, and the elderly were prioritised. Conclusion: Our findings may inform the National Malaria Control Programme and other stakeholders as they develop country-specific and environmentally friendly bed net replacement strategies. Appropriate strategies will help ensure sustained protection of vulnerable populations against malaria, while considering local social, ethical, and cultural issues related to the recovery of bed nets. Insecticide-Treated Net Lifecycle Management in Tanzania www.eahealth.org

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Evaluation of KO-Tab 1-2-3®: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets

Cited by 51 publications

References 9 publications

Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya

Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya

Evaluation of the long-lasting insecticidal net Interceptor LN: laboratory and experimental hut studies against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in northeastern Tanzania

"Should We Take Them or Leave Them?" A Qualitative Study to Understand the Social, Cultural, and Ethical Issues Associated With the Lifecycle Management of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Tanzania

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