Evaluation of intracranial stenoses and aneurysms with accelerated 4D flow

Identification of the Inflow Zone of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms: Comparison of 4D Flow MRI and 3D TOF MRA Data

“…More recently, 4D flow MR imaging based on time-resolved 3D cine phase-contrast MR imaging techniques was used to evaluate the hemodynamics of cerebral aneurysms. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, 4D flow MR imaging requires additional time for data acquisition, and TC 3D MRA may be a convenient alternative to 4D flow MR imaging for identifying the aneurysmal inflow zone.…”

4D-Flow MRI: Technique and Applications

“…If the local flow rate is reduced, it must be assumed that there is distal ischemia of the tissue to be supplied [8]. Local acceleration of the flow velocity indicates stenosis [9].…”

“…WSS changes at an aneurysm wall can cause an increase in size and rupture [14,42]. Information regarding intraaneurysmal flow and the current WSS acquired via 4D-flow measurement can be used for preinterventional classification [43,44]. The particular difficulty regarding 4D-flow measurement of intracranial vessels is the need for an extremely high spatial resolution and the significant fluctuations in flow velocity [45].…”

Intracranial 4D Flow MRI: Toward Individualized Assessment of Arteriovenous Malformation Hemodynamics and Treatment-Induced Changes

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13] More recently, 4D flow MR imaging, which adds a new dimension (quantitative 3-directional blood flow velocities) has been used for the in vivo measurement and visualization of intracranial arterial and venous 3D blood flow [14][15][16][17][18] and to assess complex 3D flow patterns in AVMs in a small number of cases. 19,20 It was the aim of this study to apply 4D flow MR imaging in patients with AVM to assess AVM 3D hemodynamics and to monitor changes during treatment by staged embolization.…”