Evaluation of intra- and interobserver reliability and image reproducibility to assess usefulness of high-resolution ultrasonography for measurement of anterior segment structures of canine eyes

Abstract

High-resolution ultrasound images can be used to reliably measure various anterior segment structures. Clinically relevant findings in the anterior segment of canine eyes may be detectable by use of HRUS.

Eye

“…The optic disc is usually more echoic than the surrounding posterior wall, exhibits shadowing, and usually appears as a slight depression in this surface. 27 The B-mode appearance of the developing prenatal and postnatal canine eye has been described. The optic nerve is usually seen as a hypoechoic to anechoic, slightly funnelshaped structure surrounded by hyperechoic retrobulbar fat immediately posterior to the optic disc echo ( Figure 5-8).…”

“…Concurrent ocular pregnancy onward. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Recent advancements in biomicroscopy transducer design allows for imaging without the use of cumbersome water baths and general anesthesia as described in initial veterinary reports. 62 The postnatal development of corneal thickness in cats measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy has also been reported.…”

“…allows for visualization of the corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, limbus, iris, ciliary process, and anterior lens capsule ( Figure 5-35). [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Since a scleral spur is not present in the dog or with hypermature cataracts and uncommon in eyes with immature cataracts. Standards for quantitative assessment of the anterior chamber and drainage angle structures have been proposed in literature on ultrasonography in humans.…”

“…3 Since then, multiple reports on the normal B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of the canine and equine eye have been published. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are other diagnostic imaging modalities capable of providing detailed information about the eye, orbit, and periorbital tissues. In addition, the retrobulbar soft tissues may be imaged.…”

Rectification of Width and Area of the Ciliary Cleft in Dogs

“…Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been recently introduced in veterinary ophthalmology as a diagnostic tool for detailed and quantitative evaluation of the anterior segment structures, including the entire structures of the ICA in animals [1,4,7,13]. UBM is also used for assessment of abnormalities in ocular structures; many abnormalities can be detected in glaucomatous eyes, such as closure of the ciliary cleft (CC) and significant decrease of the width and area of the CC (CCW and CCA).…”