Evaluation of Intestinal Function in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Kushak, Rafail I.; Buie, Timothy; Murray, Katherine F.; Newburg, David S.; Chen, Ceng; Nestoridi, Eirini; Winter, Harland S.

doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001174

Cited by 69 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This finding was not supported by extensive observations of Kushak et al[37] from a center that performs many intestinal biopsies. These investigators had originally found that more than half of a group of children with autism had low levels of the enzyme lactase in duodenal biopsies[38].…”

Section: Inflammation Hypothesiscontrasting

confidence: 56%

Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?

Navarro¹,

Liu²,

Rhoads³

2016

WJG

128

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Children with autism are commonly affected by gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of probiotics in this population, as it hypothetically may help to improve bowel habits and the behavioral and social functioning of these individuals. The gut microbiome plays an important role in the pathophysiology of organic as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders. Microbial modification with the use of antibiotics, probiotics, and fecal transplantation have been effective in the treatment of conditions such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, pouchitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. The present review presents a number of reported clinical, immunological and microbiome-related changes seen in children with autism compared to normally developed children. It also discusses gut inflammation, permeability concerns, and absorption abnormalities that may contribute to these problems. Most importantly, it discusses evidence, from human and animal studies, of a potential role of probiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism.

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Section: Inflammation Hypothesiscontrasting

confidence: 56%

Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?

Navarro¹,

Liu²,

Rhoads³

2016

WJG

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Subsequently, IL-1β and TNF-α bind to brain endothelial cells and induce immune responses in the brain (Li et al, 2009b; Ashwood et al, 2011; de Theije et al, 2011). Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and their metabolic products are commonly observed in patients with ASD and in animal models of ASD (de Magistris et al, 2010; Borre et al, 2014; Kushak et al, 2016). Hsiao et al observed gastrointestinal barrier defects and microbiota alterations in a mouse model displaying features of ASD.…”

Section: Relationship Between Asd and Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Han

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

352

252

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Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Many studies have shown alterations in the composition of the fecal flora and metabolic products of the gut microbiome in patients with ASD. The gut microbiota influences brain development and behaviors through the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, an abnormal gut microbiota is associated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ASD and mood disorders. Here, we review the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract (brain-gut axis) and the role of the gut microbiota in the central nervous system (CNS) and ASD. Microbiome-mediated therapies might be a safe and effective treatment for ASD.

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“…Except of the leaky gut, it may be other factors that are the cause of abnormal signalling from intestines to the brain. Major role is attributed to the abnormal composition of gut microbiota that was observed in individuals with ASD, also intestinal inflammation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the gut mucosa of children with ASD has been reported (Van De Sande et al 2014, Kushak et al 2016 Moreover, increasing intestinal cytokine levels were associated with more impaired communication and aberrant behaviors (Ashwood et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is believed that FC is an under-appreciated marker with potential to serve as a diagnostic and follow-up tool for other gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. It has been studied as a potential marker of intestinal inflammation also in ASD (Fernell et al 2007, De Magistris et al 2010, Pusponegoro et al 2015, Kushak et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Calprotectin Levels Correlate With Main Domains of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in a Sample of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Slovakia

Babinská

Tomova²,

Celušáková³

et al. 2017

Physiol Res

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive behavior and restricted interests. There is convincing evidence that the intestinal inflammation is involved in etiology of ASD. Increased levels of inflammatory markers were shown to be associated with more aberrant behaviors and communication of subjects with ASD. Calprotectin in the feces is produced by activated neutrophils and epithelial cells of the gut mucosa, and its levels reflect local inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Concentration of fecal calprotectin was determined by ELISA method in 87 individuals with ASD and 51 controls, of that 29 siblings of children with ASD and 22 non-related controls. In non-relatives significantly lower values of fecal calprotectin were observed than in both subjects with ASD and their siblings. In the group with ASD significant correlations of fecal calprotectin with all domains of the ADI-R diagnostic tool were found: qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction and communication, restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior. Results suggest that low grade intestinal inflammation may be one of factors implicated in the pathophysiology of ASD.

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Evaluation of Intestinal Function in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Cited by 69 publications

References 25 publications

Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?

Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?

The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Fecal Calprotectin Levels Correlate With Main Domains of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in a Sample of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Slovakia

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