Evaluation of insecticides against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) infesting maize

Efficacy and economics of selected insecticides and biopesticides against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize (Zea mays L.)

“…Among the treatments studied, the best and most economical treatment was Spinetoram 11.7% SC (1:2.53) followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% EC (1:2.25), Emamectine benzoate @ 5% SG (1:2.19), Lambda cyhalothrin @ 2.5% EC (1:1.95), Azadirachtin (Neem oil @ 5%) (1:1.64), Beauveria bassiana 5% WP (1:1.48), Bacillus thuringiensis 4% WSP (1:1.36) as compare to control plot (1:1.28). Among all the treatments lowest larval population of maize fall armyworm was recorded in Spinetoram @ 11.7% SC (1.190) similar findings were made by Bharadwaj et al (2020), Dileep et al (2020) [2] , Thumar et al (2020) [28] and Bommi and Kumar (2022) [3] who reported that Spinetoram @ 11.7% SC was most effective treatment indicating recorded lowest population of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Chlorantraniliprole @ 18.5% SC (1.490) is found to be the next best treatment which is in line with the findings of Hardke et al (2011) [9] , Deshmukh et al (2020) [6] , Jeyarajan et al (2021) [11] and Suthar et al (2020) [27] who reported that Chlorantraniliprole @ 18.5% SC was found to be most effective in reducing population of Spodoptera frugiperda as well as increasing yield.…”

“…FAW attacks 353 host plant species belonging to 76 plant families with preference to poaceae family (Varshney et al, 2021) [30] . In India, it was first reported in Hassan district of Karnataka on maize which later spread to Tamil Nadu, Telangana and West Bengal (Thumar et al, 2020) [28] . Thereafter, the pest has spread to most states of India and then spread to other Asian countries, including Thialand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and China (Deshmukh et al, 2018) [5] .…”

Comparative efficacy and economics of selected chemicals and Metarhizium anisopliae against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize (Zea mays L.) at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh

“…Mean Larval Population = 5 plants (Alam et al, 2022) [2] Cost Benefit Ratio of Treatments Gross returns were calculated by multiplying the total yield with the market price of the produce. The cost of cultivation and cost of treatments were deducted from the gross returns, to find out the returns and cost-benefit ratio by following the formula Gross Returns Cost Benefit Ratio = Total Cost of Cultivation (Thumar et al, 2020) [27]…”

“…It has various traditional uses and is useful for various diseases like Analgesic, Astringent, Anti-allergic, Emollient, skin rashes, stored throat, Anti angina, Anti-hypertensive, biliousness, Anti-lithiasis, Anti-diarrheal Urinary disorders including dysuria, cystitis, urethritis, nocturnal enuresis, Anti-prostatitis, Anti-tumor, Anti dysentery, Diuresis etc. (Thuma et al, 2019) [27] . Another major categorization is based on the size and composition of the endosperm containing an appreciable amount of carbohydrates (66.2%), lipids (3.6%), proteins (11.1%), and vitamins and minerals (3.6%) along with fibers (2.7%).…”

“…However, the recent invasion of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) has become a great threat to maize cultivation (Mallapur et al, 2019) [22] . Damage due to this pest attack can reduce corn grain yield by up to 34 percent in Brazil, 20 to 50 percent in Africa (Thumar et al, 2020) [27] and 40% in Honduras and 72% in Argentina (Early et al, 2018) [13] in Africa has the potential to cause maize yield losses in a range from 8.3 to 20.6m tonnes per annum, in the absence of any control methods (Day et al, 2017) [10] In Brazil, reduction in maize grain yield that amounts to annual loss of US$ 400 million and causes annual crop losses of over US$ 500 million throughout the south-east United States and the Atlantic coast. Yield losses in maize due to fall armyworm damage reach up to 32% in the United States and 45-60% in Nicaragua (Dileep and Murali, 2020) [12] .…”