Evaluation of Inra Chestnut Interspecific Hybrids

Guedes-Lafargue, M. Ramos; Franzini, René; Laigret, Frédéric

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2005.693.40

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Pests and diseases are very influential, especially for chestnuts. Traditional chestnut landscapes consist of pure Castanea sativa trees that are not resistant to diseases like chestnut blight, whereas Castanea sativa that is interbred with Castanea crenata and/or Castanea molissima can show resistance (Ramos Guedes-Lafargue et al 2005). Pests and diseases determine the yield and thus people's livelihoods as well as the profitability of land management.…”

Section: Driving Forces Of Landscape Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring land-use histories of tree-crop landscapes: a cross-site comparison in the Mediterranean Basin

2020

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Agroforestry landscapes in the Mediterranean Basin have emerged in a co-evolution between humans and nature and provide numerous ecosystem services to society. Tree crops are iconic elements of these landscapes and have frequently been managed in a sustainable way over centuries, shaping multifunctional landscapes and local people's cultural identities. However, many Mediterranean tree-crop landscapes are undergoing substantial land-use changes, threatening important ecosystem services as a result. The overarching goal of this study is to explore common and diverging patterns of land-use change across different tree crops (oaks, chestnuts, olives) and contrasting landscapes in the Mediterranean Basin over a 200-year period. Specifically, we aim to: (1) describe the dominant land-use change processes across these three crop types using three exemplary sites per crop; and (2) identify and classify the main drivers that determine these landscapes' land change histories. We find a general acceleration of landscape dynamics and identify expansion, continuity, polarisation, intensification, abandonment and renaissance as dominant processes. Although each landscape history is contextualised, we observe a general trend from multifunctional tree-crop landscapes (expansion) towards intensification or abandonment in the last 70 years. The landscapes of the southern fringe of the Mediterranean Basin show predominant trends towards intensification, while the northern landscapes evolve towards abandonment. The driving forces identified are diverse and interrelated, comprising sets of socio-cultural, political, technical, economic and natural factors. We offer some key lessons for sustainable landscape management in highlighting the undervalued potential of tree crops, the inherent complexity of landscapes, the interdependencies of drivers and the importance of economic and socio-cultural driving forces.

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Section: Driving Forces Of Landscape Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring land-use histories of tree-crop landscapes: a cross-site comparison in the Mediterranean Basin

2020

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“…Consequently, the trees have coexisted with the disease for decades without there having been disastrous effects for the groves, although in countries such as Spain and Portugal, there has been continuous damage from the disease (Turchetti and Maresi, 2005). At present, conventional breeding programs aimed at identifying resistant individuals to ink and blight diseases are only underway in France (Ramos Guedes-Lafargue et al, 2005) and Spain (Rodríguez et al, 2005).…”

Section: European Chestnut Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chestnut

Maynard

Powell

Polin-McGuigan

et al. 2008

Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants

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Castanea sativa , European chestnut, the only native chestnut species in Europe, was derived from the Turkish Mediterranean gene pool. Castanea dentata , American chestnut, is the largest chestnut species native to North America. Although European and American chestnuts are both susceptible to Cryphonectria parasitica , the causal agent of chestnut blight, the former is still a commercially viable species. The American chestnut, however, has been essentially eliminated as both a nut crop and a timber species. European and American chestnuts have been the focus of attention of professional and amateur plant breeders for more than a century. They have been selected for various traits, moved from numerous points of origin, hybridized, and redistributed across the landscape. This comes after centuries of domestication by native peoples of both continents. The American Chestnut Foundation is carrying out the largest and most active breeding program based on backcross breeding between the American chestnut and the blight‐resistant Chinese chestnut ( Castanea mollissima ). A comparison is made between backcross breeding and genetic engineering in terms of numbers of unknown genes introduced and speed of introducing additional genes. Research to develop transformation systems for American and European chestnut has followed similar paths. For both species, the preferred target tissue is somatic embryos derived from immature zygotic embryos. The selectable marker gene bar , with the herbicide Finale® (active ingredient phosphinothricin), in combination with scorable marker gfp , has proved to be effective in selecting for transformation events in American chestnut. The nptII selectable maker gene with kanamycin in combination with the scorable marker gus was used to transform European chestnut. Transgenic whole plants have been recovered for both species. The first two transgenic American chestnuts were planted in the field on June 7, 2006 in Syracuse, New York, USA. These trees contain the oxalate oxidase ( OxO ) gene originating from wheat, which has been shown to enhance pathogen resistance in several crop species including soybean, peanut, and sunflower.

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Chestnut Breeding in the United States for Disease and Insect Resistance

Anagnostakis

2012

Plant Disease

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The genus Castanea (family Fagaceae) is found in north temperate climates around the world, and is highly prized in many different cultures for its nutritious nuts and valuable timber. Selection for larger, better-tasting nuts has been ongoing in Asia and Europe for centuries. Early trade routes moved European chestnut trees (C. sativa) west of their native range (in the Caucasus mountains), and the Romans then moved them across their empire to provide support posts for grapevines, as well as for the nuts. Cultivar selection in Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Portugal has been extensive, and regional favorites developed. The many uses of the wood of American chestnut made this “all purpose” tree extremely valuable in its native range in North America. Nut production was important as a food source for rural families and many species of birds and animals. The other American species in the genus Castanea are classed as chinquapins, and may be divided into several or lumped as a single species. The small nuts from these trees and bushes serve primarily as mast for wildlife. Two serious diseases of chestnut trees changed the direction of chestnut research in the United States. Ink disease, caused by the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, was discovered to be the cause of widespread death of chestnuts and chinquapins in the southern United States, which had been observed since about 1850. This imported pathogen probably came into the southern United States before 1824. The second chestnut disaster was the introduction of chestnut blight disease, which was first found in the United States in 1904. The pathogen causing the lethal cankers is an Ascomycete now known as Cryphonectria parasitica. The longest continuing chestnut breeding program in the United States is in Connecticut.

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Evaluation of Inra Chestnut Interspecific Hybrids

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Exploring land-use histories of tree-crop landscapes: a cross-site comparison in the Mediterranean Basin

Exploring land-use histories of tree-crop landscapes: a cross-site comparison in the Mediterranean Basin

Chestnut

Chestnut Breeding in the United States for Disease and Insect Resistance

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