“…Consequently, various results have been reported regarding industrial wastewater and food industry effluent and their use as external carbon sources for denitrification due to their practical characteristics such as cleanliness (i.e., relatively free of metals and other contaminants), stability in terms of composition and content of readily biodegradable organic compounds, and availability in the required quantities on a consistent schedule. Several different organic mixtures have been tested under lab-scale conditions for denitrification performance, e.g., crude syrup and hydrolyzed starch, industrial wastewaters from the ice cream production industry and beet-sugar factories, dairy effluents and agro-food wastewater (Lee and Welander, 1996;Cappai et al, 2004;Sage et al, 2006;Rodriguez et al, 2007;Swinarski et al, 2009;Crzerwionka et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2013). The characteristics of the external carbon sources exhibited significant effects on the denitrification process such as denitrification rate, denitrification potential, COD demand and biomass yield (Lee and Welander, 1996;Fernandez et al, 2010).…”