Evaluation of<i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i>bacterins for porcine torque teno virus DNAs

Krakowka, Steven; Ringler, Susan S.; Arumugam, Prakash; McKillen, John; McIntosh, Kathleen A.; Hartunian, Catherine; Hamberg, Alexander; Rings, Michael; Allan, Gordon; Ellis, John

doi:10.2460/javma.233.11.1741

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Reports of TTSuV DNA sequences detected in commercial porcine vaccine products, in swine-derived human drugs, and in swine-derived trypsin by nested PCR suggested widespread contamination with TTSuV (19,22). Cell cultures may be one of the major sources of TTSuV contamination in biological products of pig origin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rescue of a Porcine Anellovirus (Torque Teno Sus Virus 2) from Cloned Genomic DNA in Pigs

Huang

Patterson

Opriessnig

et al. 2012

J Virol

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Anelloviruses are a group of single-stranded circular DNA viruses infecting humans and other animal species. Animal models combined with reverse genetic systems of anellovirus have not been developed. We report here the construction and initial characterization of full-length DNA clones of a porcine anellovirus, torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2), in vitro and in vivo . We first demonstrated that five cell lines, including PK-15 cells, are free of TTSuV1 or TTSuV2 contamination, as determined by a real-time PCR and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using anti-TTSuV antibodies. Recombinant plasmids harboring monomeric or tandem-dimerized genomic DNA of TTSuV2 from the United States and Germany were constructed. Circular TTSuV2 genomic DNA with or without introduced genetic markers and tandem-dimerized TTSuV2 plasmids were transfected into PK-15 cells, respectively. Splicing of viral mRNAs was identified in transfected cells. Expression of TTSuV2-specific open reading frame 1 (ORF1) in cell nuclei, especially in nucleoli, was detected by IFA. However, evidence of productive TTSuV2 infection was not observed in 12 different cell lines transfected with the TTSuV2 DNA clones. Transfection with circular DNA from a TTSuV2 deletion mutant did not produce ORF1 protein, suggesting that the observed ORF1 expression is driven by TTSuV2 DNA replication in cells. Pigs inoculated with either the tandem-dimerized clones or circular genomic DNA of U.S. TTSuV2 developed viremia, and the introduced genetic markers were retained in viral DNA recovered from the sera of infected pigs. The availability of an infectious DNA clone of TTSuV2 will facilitate future study of porcine anellovirus pathogenesis and biology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rescue of a Porcine Anellovirus (Torque Teno Sus Virus 2) from Cloned Genomic DNA in Pigs

Huang

Patterson

Opriessnig

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…One human drug is positive for TTSuV1 DNA, and a porcine‐derived elastase product was positive for both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 DNA (Kekarainen et al., 2009). In another study (Krakowka et al., 2008b), many of the commercially available M. hyopneumoniae bacterins (seven of nine from the USA, two of five from Canada and four of eight from Europe) were contaminated with TTSuV DNA, suggesting that these bacterins or other veterinary vaccines may transmit TTSuV to naïve pigs (Krakowka et al., 2008b). In addition, fifteen cell lineages from thirteen different species had detectable TTSuV DNA, and three cell lineages of swine origin contained both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 DNA (Teixeira et al., 2011).…”

Section: Torque Teno Sus Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses

Meng

2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Summary In the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. Some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (TTV), now known as Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), porcine bocavirus (PBoV) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (PToV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV), are mostly subclinical in swine herds. Although some emerging swine viruses such as swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) and porcine sapovirus (porcine SaV) may have a limited clinical implication in swine health, they do pose a potential public health concern in humans due to zoonotic (swine HEV) or potential zoonotic (porcine SaV) and xenozoonotic (PERV, PLHV) risks. Other emerging viruses such as Nipah virus, Bungowannah virus and Menangle virus not only cause diseases in pigs but some also pose important zoonotic threat to humans. This article focuses on emerging and re‐emerging swine viruses that have a limited or uncertain clinical and economic impact on pig health. The transmission, epidemiology and pathogenic potential of these viruses are discussed. In addition, the two economically important emerging viruses, PRRSV and PCV2, are also briefly discussed to identify important knowledge gaps.

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“…Islet cells in the pancreas could contain TTSuV acquired through circulation; however, this has not been examined. In addition, TTSuV DNA was identified in porcine biologicals such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins, porcine products such as trypsin, and in cell cultures derived from different species …”

Section: Single‐stranded Dna Viruses In Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible risks posed by single‐stranded DNA viruses of pigs associated with xenotransplantation

Karuppannan

Opriessnig

2018

Xenotransplantation

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Routine large‐scale xenotransplantation from pigs to humans is getting closer to clinical reality owing to several state‐of‐the‐art technologies, especially the ability to rapidly engineer genetically defined pigs. However, using pig organs in humans poses risks including unwanted cross‐species transfer of viruses and adaption of these pig viruses to the human organ recipient. Recent developments in the field of virology, including the advent of metagenomic techniques to characterize entire viromes, have led to the identification of a plethora of viruses in many niches. Single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are the largest group prevalent in virome studies in mammals. Specifically, the ssDNA viral genomes are characterized by a high rate of nucleotide substitution, which confers a proclivity to adapt to new hosts and cross‐species barriers. Pig‐associated ssDNA viruses include torque teno sus viruses (TTSuV) in the Anelloviridae family, porcine parvoviruses (PPV), and porcine bocaviruses (PBoV) both in the family of Parvoviridae, and porcine circoviruses (PCV) in the Circoviridae family, some of which have been confirmed to be pathogenic to pigs. The risks of these viruses for the human recipient during xenotransplantation procedures are relatively unknown. Based on the scant knowledge available on the prevalence, predilection, and pathogenicity of pig‐associated ssDNA viruses, careful screening and monitoring are required. In the case of positive identification, risk assessments and strategies to eliminate these viruses in xenotransplantation pig stock may be needed.

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Evaluation ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaebacterins for porcine torque teno virus DNAs

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Rescue of a Porcine Anellovirus (Torque Teno Sus Virus 2) from Cloned Genomic DNA in Pigs

Rescue of a Porcine Anellovirus (Torque Teno Sus Virus 2) from Cloned Genomic DNA in Pigs

Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses

Possible risks posed by single‐stranded DNA viruses of pigs associated with xenotransplantation

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