Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus curricular content in schools of pharmacy in the United States

Rathbun, R Chris; Durham, Spencer H.; Farmer, Kevin C.; Zuckerman, Autumn D; Badowski, Melissa E

doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.007

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The sample size of such studies ranged from 9 [ 44 ] to 7148 [ 45 ]. Fourteen studies contained primary observational data concerning practicing pharmacists’ and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of pharmacy-based PrEP interventions [ 44 , 46 – 55 ]. Pharmacists and/or pharmacy students from all four of the U.S. Census Bureau regions were represented.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy-Based Interventions to Increase Use of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) remains underutilized in the U.S. Since greater than 85% of PrEP prescriptions are filled at commercial pharmacies, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to increase PrEP use. This scoping review explores pharmacy-based initiatives to increase PrEP use. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus for peer-reviewed studies on pharmacist-led interventions to increase PrEP use or pharmacy-based PrEP initiatives. Forty-nine articles were included in this review. Overall, studies demonstrated that patients expressed strong support for pharmacist prescription of PrEP. Three intervention designs compared changes in PrEP initiation or knowledge pre- and post-intervention. Commentary/review studies recommended PrEP training for pharmacists, policy changes to support pharmacist screening for HIV and PrEP prescription, and telemedicine to increase prescriptions. Pharmacists could play key roles in improving PrEP use in the U.S. Studies that assess improvements in PrEP use after interventions such as PrEP prescription, PrEP-specific training, and adherence monitoring by pharmacists are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy-Based Interventions to Increase Use of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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“…students at a U.S. college of pharmacy found that better knowledge and attitudes towards PrEP were strongly correlated with confidence in counselling on PrEP (Przybyla et al, 2019). In a separate survey conducted to examine the HIV curricular content in pharmacy schools across the United States, over 75% reported that their schools had less than 10 hours of content related to HIV (Rathbun et al, 2020). Data from international pharmacy students show even lower rates of awareness of HIV prevention strategies and even hostile attitudes toward HIV (Ahmed, Hassali & Aziz, 2009).…”

Section: Mckeirnan Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Student perceptions of PrEP in an advanced HIV elective

et al. 2022

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Background: The United States (U.S.) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that over one million U.S. adults could benefit from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but only 90,000 PrEP prescriptions are being filled annually. Pharmacists are well-positioned to offer PrEP, but a lack of awareness and knowledge about HIV PrEP has been a limitation. This study was designed to evaluate the knowledge, confidence, and perceptions of pharmacy students towards the use of HIV PrEP in high-risk populations before and after receiving a PrEP and PEP module in a two-credit hour Advanced HIV Elective course. Methods: Faculty in an Advanced HIV Elective course implemented a PrEP module and evaluated the impact on pharmacy student knowledge, confidence, and attitudes in 2020. Results: Participation led to a significant increase in student pharmacist confidence in offering patient education regarding the use of PrEP, risk mitigation counselling, accurately ordering labs, monitoring patients taking PrEP, and HIV medication therapy management. Additionally, HIV education shows decreased stigma and negative attitudes towards high-risk individuals. Conclusion: Integration of a PrEP module increased student pharmacist knowledge and confidence in providing PrEP services while reducing stigma towards those with HIV.

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“…The 2022-2025 National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the US calls for the integration of pharmacists into the provision of care for people living with and at risk for HIV to meet the growing needs of the HIV epidemic . In a cross-sectional survey of accredited pharmacy schools in the US, 89% of respondents included some didactic HIV prevention curriculum in their program . Moreover, extensive training, both in person and virtually, provides education on expanded HIV prevention services for the pharmacy environment .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Need, Availability, and Potential Pharmacy Integration in the Southeastern US

et al. 2023

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ImportanceDaily preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use can prevent up to 99% of HIV infections; however, PrEP uptake is low due to poor access to PrEP-prescribing locations for populations at increased risk for HIV, especially in the southeastern US. Pharmacies are a feasible option to increase PrEP access, but little is known about how they could complement current PrEP-prescribing locations.ObjectiveTo examine geographic distributions of current PrEP-prescribing locations compared with pharmacies and the facility to need ratios (PFNRs) according to HIV risk in the Southeast and describe the potential reach of pharmacies to expand PrEP access.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData for this cross-sectional study of PrEP-prescribing locations and pharmacies were compiled from January 1 to December 31, 2021. States or specific counties in the Southeast included in this study were jurisdictions identified as high-priority areas for the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the US (EHE) initiative.ExposureExpansion of HIV prevention services to pharmacies.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChoropleth maps of 5-year HIV risk per 100 000 persons were developed for EHE jurisdictions in the southeastern US. PrEP-prescribing locations (obtained from a national database of PrEP prescribers) and pharmacies (obtained from state pharmacy boards) were overlayed on HIV risk maps. The PFNRs by state were calculated as number of facilities (PrEP-prescribing locations or pharmacies) divided by 5-year HIV risk per 100 000 persons. Lower PFNRs indicated lower geographic availability of locations to meet the needs of the population at risk for HIV. The PFNRs for current PrEP-prescribing locations vs pharmacies were compared.ResultsAmong the 2 southeastern states and 13 counties in 4 southeastern states included, PrEP-prescribing locations were unequally distributed across EHE areas, with substantially fewer in areas at high risk for HIV. Pharmacies were evenly dispersed across areas regardless of HIV risk. The mean PFNR across all states for current PrEP-prescribing locations was 0.008 (median, 0.000 [IQR, 0.000-0.003]); for pharmacies, it was 0.7 (median, 0.3 [IQR, 0.01-0.1]). The PFNRs were at least 20.3 times higher for pharmacies compared with PrEP-prescribing locations. States with the greatest potential increase in PFNRs with expansion to pharmacies included Kentucky, South Carolina, and Tennessee.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that expanding HIV prevention services to pharmacies in EHE areas in the Southeast could significantly increase capacity to reach individuals at increased risk of HIV transmission. Legislation aimed at allowing pharmacists to prescribe PrEP and provide HIV prevention services may be an important next step in ending the HIV epidemic.

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Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus curricular content in schools of pharmacy in the United States

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Pharmacy-Based Interventions to Increase Use of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Scoping Review

Pharmacy-Based Interventions to Increase Use of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: A Scoping Review

Student perceptions of PrEP in an advanced HIV elective

Examination of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Need, Availability, and Potential Pharmacy Integration in the Southeastern US

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