Evaluation of Human- and Animal-Specific Viral Markers and Application of CrAssphage, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Potential Fecal Pollution Markers to River Water in Japan

Malla, Bikash; Makise, Koki; Nakaya, Koki; Mochizuki, Taizo; Yamada, Takahiro; Haramoto, Eiji

doi:10.1007/s12560-019-09398-w

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Wastewater primary influent samples were collected from a local wastewater treatment plant and released at different points along each pond to reach a dilution of 0.01%. Previous studies have shown this level of contamination to be close to real world scenarios ( Malla et al., 2019 ; Nguyen et al., 2016 ). This level of contamination also helps us understand the benefit of highly abundant fecal indicators such as PMMoV and crAssphage.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

Persistence of emerging viral fecal indicators in large-scale freshwater mesocosms

Greaves

Stone

et al. 2020

Water Research X

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Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are typically used to monitor microbial water quality but are poor representatives of viruses due to different environmental fate. Viral fecal indicators have been proposed as alternatives to FIB; however, data evaluating the persistence of emerging viral fecal indicators under realistic environmental conditions is necessary to evaluate their potential application. In this study, we examined the persistence of five viral fecal indicators, including crAssphage and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and three bacterial fecal indicators ( E. coli , enterococci and HF183/BacR287) in large-scale experimental ponds and freshwater mesocosms. Observed inactivation rate constants were highly variable and ranged from a minimum of −0.09 d −1 for PMMoV to a maximum of −3.5 d −1 for HF183/BacR287 in uncovered mesocosms. Overall, viral fecal indicators had slower inactivation than bacterial fecal indicators and PMMoV was inactivated more slowly than all other targets. These results demonstrate that bacterial fecal indicators inadequately represent viral fate following aging of sewage contaminated water due to differential persistence, and that currently used fecal indicator monitoring targets demonstrate highly variable persistence that should be considered during water quality monitoring and risk assessment.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

Persistence of emerging viral fecal indicators in large-scale freshwater mesocosms

Greaves

Stone

et al. 2020

Water Research X

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“…MST proponents typically advocate a “toolbox approach” to fecal source attribution that combines multiple MST markers, detection methods, and sampling strategies in recognition of the limitations of any single MST marker to reliably and conclusively characterize fecal pollution [ 105 – 107 ]. Two toolbox constituents recently receiving much attention in the literature are pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant virus infecting Capsicum species acquired by humans from dietary sources, and crAssphage, both viruses that hold promise as human-associated viral surrogates owing to their global distribution in sewage at densities typically much higher than other viruses [ 2 •, 71 , 74 , 78 , 108 – 110 ]. Nonetheless, Bacteroides HF183 and its variants have arguably consolidated their role as the default tool for human source tracking [ 43 ], featuring consistently high concentrations in sewage globally [ 83 •], frequent detection in surface waters [ 61 , 93 , 110 – 112 ], standardized protocols [ 81 , 113 ], and validated multiplex assays [ 89 , 114 ].…”

Section: Alternative Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because MST targets specific constituents of the gut microbiota, the diagnostic performance of each MST marker can vary substantially between populations. Validation of existing MST markers for use in new geographic locations is increasingly standard practice [24], with recently published MST validation studies conducted in Australia [67,68], Bangladesh [69,70], Costa Rica [71], India [72], Japan [73,74], Mozambique [75], New Zealand [76], Nepal [77,78], Singapore [79], Thailand [80], and the USA [81,82], and a global evaluation of markers in sewage from 13 countries on 6 continents [83•]. Potential MST markers continue to be identified, most notably humanassociated crAssphage, a bacteriophage infecting Bacteroides intestinalis recently discovered to be an abundant, globally distributed constituent of the human gut virome [84][85][86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Microbial Source Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Indicators of Fecal Pollution: Recent Progress and Challenges in Assessing Water Quality

Holcomb

Stewart

2020

Curr Envir Health Rpt

105

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Purpose of Review Fecal contamination of water is a major public health concern. This review summarizes recent developments and advancements in water quality indicators of fecal contamination. Recent Findings This review highlights a number of trends. First, fecal indicators continue to be a valuable tool to assess water quality and have expanded to include indicators able to detect sources of fecal contamination in water. Second, molecular methods, particularly PCR-based methods, have advanced considerably in their selected targets and rigor, but have added complexity that may prohibit adoption for routine monitoring activities at this time. Third, risk modeling is beginning to better connect indicators and human health risks, with the accuracy of assessments currently tied to the timing and conditions where risk is measured. Summary Research has advanced although challenges remain for the effective use of both traditional and alternative fecal indicators for risk characterization, source attribution and apportionment, and impact evaluation.

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“…Therefore, based on the observed data, crAssphage cannot be suggested as a good indicator for the presence of enteric viruses in PW. Recent studies have shown a correlation between crAssphage and human viral pathogens in other water matrices such as wastewaters [33][34][35][36][37][38], sludge [39], and other fecal polluted waters [40]. Altogether, these and our results suggest that crAssphage correlates with the occurrence of human pathogenic enteric viruses in water samples with moderate viral contamination (e.g., effluent waters), but not in severely or poorly contaminated waters (e.g., surface, river, influent, seawater, or process water).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Coliphages and Human Enteric Viruses In Process Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Accumulation of Human Enteric Viruses and Phages in Process Water from the Fresh Produce Industry

Cuevas-Ferrando

Allende

Pérez-Cataluña

et al. 2021

Foods

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The virological quality of process water (PW) used by the produce industry has received limited attention. As a first step to overcoming technical limitations in monitoring viruses in PW, the analytical performance of ultrafiltration was assessed to concentrate viral particles from 20 L of spiked PW. The selected method used for sample concentration of PW was carefully validated, thus enabling the accurate quantification and estimation of viral titers of human enteric viruses and phages. PW from the produce industry was collected periodically from the washing tanks of commercial facilities. The analysis of coliphages was performed by plaque assay, while the occurrence of enteric viruses and crAssphage was determined by molecular techniques. Significant differences in the physicochemical composition of PW, mostly due to the different nature of fresh produce types and differences in the sanitizer used in commercial operation, were observed. Accumulation of crAssphage and coliphages was observed in PW, but correlation with human enteric viruses was not possible due to the low prevalence of these pathogens in the PW analyzed. The obtained results showed that depending on the type of product washed, the product/water ratio and the residual concentrations of the sanitizers, the prevalence and concentration of bacteriophages changed significantly.

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Evaluation of Human- and Animal-Specific Viral Markers and Application of CrAssphage, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Potential Fecal Pollution Markers to River Water in Japan

Cited by 37 publications

References 36 publications

Persistence of emerging viral fecal indicators in large-scale freshwater mesocosms

Persistence of emerging viral fecal indicators in large-scale freshwater mesocosms

Microbial Indicators of Fecal Pollution: Recent Progress and Challenges in Assessing Water Quality

Occurrence and Accumulation of Human Enteric Viruses and Phages in Process Water from the Fresh Produce Industry

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