Evaluation of Homeopathic Phosphoric Acid, Silica and Pathogenic Vibrio on Digestive Enzyme Activity of Longfin Yellowtail Fish (Seriola rivoliana)

Abstract

Background This research aimed to observe the effect of homeopathically prepared Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ViP) and V. alginolyticus (ViA) and the commercial homeopathic compound Similia (Phosphoricum acidum and Silicea terra) on the digestive enzyme activities of Seriola rivoliana juveniles under usual culture conditions. Materials and Methods Biochemical analysis was used to study the effect of highly diluted substances (7C potency) prepared from ViP and ViA (Treatment 1: T1) and the homeopathic compound Phosphoricum acidum and Silicea terra (Treatment 2: T2) on changes in the main digestive enzymes on weaning-state fish (WS; 30 days post-hatching [DPH]) and early juveniles (EJ; 62 DPH) versus a reference control group that received no homeopathic medicines. Results Treatment T2 significantly increased the activity of trypsin and lipase and decreased the activity of amylase, whereas treatment T1 increased the activity of chymotrypsin and reduced the activity of aminopeptidase-N in WS fish. Except for alkaline phosphatase, which was significantly reduced in the intestine, no significant differences in enzymatic activity were found between treated EJ fish and controls. The fish of the WS group had a higher growth rate with the T2 treatment. Conclusions T1 treatment stimulated chymotrypsin in EJ fish and T2 promoted intestinal maturation of WS fish. Higher growth rate with the T2 treatment may be associated with the stimulation of trypsin activity. Thus, T2 may be applied, under hatchery conditions, during larval stages with an aim to enhance digestion and assimilation of inert food.

Bioresilience to Mercury Chloride of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina after Treatment with Homeopathic Mercurius Corrosivus

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15] This conclusion is in accordance with previous studies on homeopathic potencies that often show a constant pattern of action: the facilitation of adaptive processes of the organism against aggressive agents in a non-linear way, [74][75][76][77][78][79][80] involving the modulation of immunological and metabolic processes, as well as gene expression. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The findings described here follow these same pro-adaptative features.…”

“…85 Likewise, the protective action of specific homeopathic potencies of mercury against heavy metal poisoning is also reported in rodents and macrophages in vitro. 30,31 These results suggest that the use of isotherapeutic preparations to mitigate the effects of water pollution on living systems could be a plausible tool in an eventual environmental management program and be proposed as a new approach for sustainable and low-cost health promotion for aquatic organisms 32,33 that are exposed to low, but constant, concentrations of mercury. 81,86 Other studies performed by our group also point to similar effects, using the same methods to study other toxins.…”

“…31 There are reports showing that homeopathic products can be important tools in organic and ecologically sustainable agriculture. [32][33][34] The biological effects of such preparations are dependent on the dilution and agitation process of the liquid (succussion), which is a crucial step in their manufacture. [35][36][37] Since nanobubbles are present in these products in large amounts, 38 their role in the protective activity of intoxications is under scrutiny.…”

Highly diluted bioactive compounds in marine aquaculture: A potential alternative for sustainable production

“…at higher concentrations than HDBC in marine invertebrates has also suggested to increase digestive enzyme activity and growth 73 . This report supports the action of ViP and ViA as food assimilation enhancers, as previously proposed by Mazón‐Suástegui et al 14 when the same HDBC were evaluated in fish with related increase in digestive enzyme activity. Depending on the physiological stage of the organisms, energetic reserves may be used to fuel growth or maturation process after meeting overall requirements.…”

“…The application of these highly diluted treatments have been related to increases in growth rate, digestive enzymatic activity, condition index, energetic reserves, oocyte quality and gut microbiota modulation. 4,[13][14][15] Most of these treatments have successfully increased immune response and survival rates of marine organisms when challenged against pathogenic bacteria. 2,7,8,16,17 Interestingly, when HDBC are used prophylactically, not always do they activate biomarkers related to the immune response before challenge against a pathogen.…”