Evaluation of hazard distances related to toxic releases in a gas refinery: comparison of chemical exposure index and consequence modeling approaches

Cheraghi, Morteza; Bagherian-Sahlavani, Ali; Noori, Hedayat; Mohammadfam, Iraj

doi:10.1080/10803548.2019.1621023

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Despite existing mandatory safety rules and a wide range of methods for hazard identification and evaluation, industrial accidents still occur. [1][2][3] The lessons learned from past accidents have led to various types of protection layers to prevent accidents and/or mitigate their consequences. 4 Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) operated by Safety Instrumented Systems (SISs), such as high-level trip and high-pressure trip, are widely used in process industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

Cheraghi,

Reniers,

Eslami Baladeh

et al. 2024

Quality & Reliability Eng

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Risk‐based techniques such as risk graph and Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) are used to determine the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of safety instrumented functions to ensure that risk is reduced to a tolerable level. However, these techniques have some drawbacks. For instance, they need absolute and precise numbers to evaluate SIL parameters, which are rarely available or are highly uncertain. In addition, they are incapable of considering individual and societal risks simultaneously. Moreover, risk tolerance criteria are likely to be used incorrectly in the LOPA technique, and risk graph is difficult to calibrate. In the current paper, a novel comprehensive fuzzy arithmetic model has been developed to determine the required SILs in process industries. The fuzzy required Risk Reduction Factor (RRF) is calculated for both individual and societal risks. Fuzzy numbers are developed from crisp intervals, based on the expected interval of the fuzzy numbers. Expert fuzzy‐scaled elicitation has been applied to obtain the SIL parameters. In the proposed model, the overall risk tolerance criterion and apportionment factor are defined as SIL parameters for both individual and societal risks to ensure that the applied risk criteria are compliant with the requirements of the system. In addition, an approach is introduced for determining the required SIL based on the fuzzy required RRF. The proposed methodology was demonstrated to alleviate the limitations, and thus, can be considered as a more precise alternative to the conventional methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

Cheraghi,

Reniers,

Eslami Baladeh

et al. 2024

Quality & Reliability Eng

Self Cite

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“…The intensity of the consequence analysis studies on the release of H 2 S is remarkable. Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) and consequences modeling software (PHAST‐Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool) were used by Cheraghi et al 1 to determine the effect distance of toxic chemical release in a gas refinery. According to both CEI and consequence modeling, the most dangerous unit was defined as sludge catching unit 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical Exposure Index (CEI) and consequences modeling software (PHAST‐Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool) were used by Cheraghi et al 1 to determine the effect distance of toxic chemical release in a gas refinery. According to both CEI and consequence modeling, the most dangerous unit was defined as sludge catching unit 1 . Flammable and toxic vapor emissions and simulation of cloud distribution were performed with PHAST in the 4th Gas Facility in South Pars of Iran case in 2012 by Falsafi et al 2 A simple methodology was developed by evaluating the meteorological data extracted from Pasquill's stability table, and the terrain height difference between the emission source and gas detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to both CEI and consequence modeling, the most dangerous unit was defined as sludge catching unit. 1 Flammable and toxic vapor emissions and simulation of cloud distribution were performed with PHAST in the 4th Gas Facility in South Pars of Iran case in 2012 by Falsafi et al 2 A simple methodology was developed by evaluating the meteorological data extracted from Pasquill's stability table, and the terrain height difference between the emission source and gas detectors. The obtained results were confirmed by the time and location of the recorded alarms in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consequence analysis in industrial organizations containing H₂S gas through accident scenarios based on chemical source selection

Çetinyokuş

2023

Process Safety Progress

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H2S gas emissions occur in various processes, especially in the purification of polluted waters, mining, and petroleum refining processes and this extremely dangerous chemical has serious toxic emission, explosion, and fire effects. These physical effects vary considerably depending on the source strength. Therefore, consequence analyzes based on source strength models are critical components in the process of assessing hazards. In this study, a consequence analysis was performed with accident scenarios related to different sources of H2S gas. ALOHA 5.4.7 and EFFECTS 8.0.1 Software were used for physical effects modeling. Modeling studies were conducted on direct source (continuous release:100 m3/s, 5 m3/s), puddle source (100 m3, 5 m3), tank source (vertical‐horizontal cylindrical, spherical, 1.57 m3), and gas pipeline source with ALOHA Software. Possible Gas LOC (Levels of Concern) scenario Leak (G3) and Gas LOC scenario release in 10 min (G2) scenarios were studied with EFFECTS Software. When the results of both software were compared with each other, it was seen that the effects of thermal radiation and explosion were of similar order and value, and the toxic effect values were very different from each other. Both software allow for a release above ground level for gases that behave as neutrally buoyant. The main difference between the dispersion models used in the software is that the gas is assumed to behave as non‐interacting ideal gas in ALOHA, but in EFFECTS deviations from ideal gas are considered. And, ALOHA dispersion models use surface roughness lengths in a limited fashion and only include 60‐min AEGLs. ALOHA does not account for topographic steering or winds that vary with time in EFFECTS. It can be said that the results of the ALOHA Software are more conservative than the EFFECTS Software.

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“…They revealed that the simulations obtained from ALOHA could be the basis for impact analysis and risk assessment studies. Cheraghi et al [18] used the CEI method to determine hazard distances caused by toxic release in a gas refinery as a case study. Consequence analysis was carried out with the PHAST software for the scenario with the highest airborne quantity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Storage Temperature on Threat Zone Caused by an Ammonia Release from a Storage Tank

EKİNCİ¹,

AKMAN²

2022

Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering

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Many hazardous substances are produced, stored and transported in the chemical industry. With the release of these hazardous substances as a result of any uncontrolled development, fire, explosion and toxic spread may occur depending on the nature of the chemical substance. This, in turn, can harm employees, people around, the environment and the economy. In this study, the release of ammonia, which has many uses, has been investigated. Ammonia is a flammable and highly toxic substance. As a result of the accidental releasing of ammonia, a fire event can be prevented by measures such as not keeping the ignition sources in the environment. However, although its ignition is prevented, it can cause harm to the people and environment due to its highly toxic nature. Knowing how much area it affects after spreading will shed light on the measures to be taken to prevent or reduce the damages that may occur. In this study, the toxicity of ammonia was taken into account, and the effect of storage temperature on the size of the toxic area to be formed was investigated. This effect was examined with Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) and DOW’s Chemical Exposure Index (DOW CEI) methods, and the results obtained with both methods were compared.

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Evaluation of hazard distances related to toxic releases in a gas refinery: comparison of chemical exposure index and consequence modeling approaches

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

Consequence analysis in industrial organizations containing H₂S gas through accident scenarios based on chemical source selection

The Effect of Storage Temperature on Threat Zone Caused by an Ammonia Release from a Storage Tank

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Evaluation of hazard distances related to toxic releases in a gas refinery: comparison of chemical exposure index and consequence modeling approaches

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

A risk‐based fuzzy arithmetic model to determine safety integrity levels considering individual and societal risks

Consequence analysis in industrial organizations containing H2S gas through accident scenarios based on chemical source selection

The Effect of Storage Temperature on Threat Zone Caused by an Ammonia Release from a Storage Tank

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Consequence analysis in industrial organizations containing H₂S gas through accident scenarios based on chemical source selection