Evaluation of hackberry (Celtis australis L.) fruits as sources of bioactive compounds

Abstract

Hackberry (Celtisaustralis L.) is native to the Mediterranean region and is distributed in Europe, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted on C.australis L. in the Arasbaran region, Iran. In the present study, total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF), antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays and phenolic compounds and sugars profiles were investigated. According to the results, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays was 14.12–88.24% and 44.35–117.87 mg Fe2+/100 g, respectively. Also, the range of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin content was 2.59–26.32, 2.03–9.32, 0.94–11.35, 1.80–4.857, 2.32–9.52, 4.74–51.38, 0.18–2.10 and 0.27–1.37 mg/g, respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that the C12, C14, C15, C20, C8, C16, C3, and C20 genotypes are positively characterized by the first principal component (PCA1) that have a higher caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin phenolic compounds. Based on cluster analysis, the twenty genotypes were located in 2 main clusters. In general, the obtained results can be useful for breeding programs and the introduction of cultivars in Celtisaustralis L.

A comprehensive account on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological insights of genus Celtis

“… Fatty acid ester Stigmast-5-en-3-ol oleate C. ehrenbergiana Leaves Crude methanolic extract GC-MS Brazil [ 109 ] 51. Hydroxycinnamic acid ester Chlorogenic acid C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. australis Leaves RP-HPLC, UV Italy [ 111 ] C. iguanaea Leaves 70 % ethanol HPLC Brazil [ 112 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Methanol extract HPLC, UV Turkey [ 113 ] C. tournefortii Fruits & Leaves Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 52. Phenolic ester Protocatechuic acid, ethyl ester C. tournefortii Fruits, Leaves & Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 53.…”

“… Flavone Acacetin C. eriocarpa Leaves Methanol extract UHPLC-DAD, ESI-MS Pakistan [ 118 ] 73. Flavone Apigenin C. australis Fruits Ethanol extract EIMS, IR, H-NMR, C-NMR India [ 119 ] C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. tournefortii Fruits, Leaves & Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey, Iraq [ 106 , 114 ] 74. Flavone Diosmetin C. tournefortii Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 75.…”

“… Flavonol glycoside Quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside C. tournefortii Fruits, Leaves & Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 120. Flavonol glycoside Rutin C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. australis Leaves Ethanol extract UV, HRESIMS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR Egypt [ 122 ] C. iguanaea Leaves 70 % Ethanol extract HPLC Brazil [ 112 ] C. occidentalis Leaves Ethanol extract UV, HRESIMS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR Egypt [ 122 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Water, ethanol and methanol extract RP-HPLC-DAD, UV Turkey [ 33 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Methanol extract HPLC, UV Turkey [ 113 ] C. tournefortii Fruits, Leaves & Young twigs Methanolic solution with 1 % acetic acid HPLC Iraq ...…”

“… Hydroxycinnamic acid Caffeic acid C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. laevigata Leaves Aqueous extract UV, Chromatographed United states [ 126 ] C. pallida Fruits Methanol, methanol-water or acetone extract HPLC Mexico [ 117 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Water, ethanol and methanol extract RP-HPLC-DAD, UV Turkey [ 33 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Methanol extract HPLC, UV Turkey [ 113 ] C. tournefortii Fruits, Leaves & Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 160. Hydroxycinnamic acid Cinnamic acid C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. pallida Fruits Methanol, methanol-water or acetone extract HPLC Mexico [ …”

“… Hydroxycinnamic acid Hydroxy-caffeic acid C. eriocarpa Leaves Methanol extract UHPLC-DAD, ESI-MS Pakistan [ 118 ] 162. Hydroxycinnamic acid p -coumaric acid C. australis Fruits Methanol extract HPLC Iran [ 110 ] C. laevigata Leaves Aqueous extract UV, Chromatographed United states [ 126 ] C. tournefortii Fruits Methanol extract HPLC, UV Turkey [ 113 ] C. tournefortii Leaves & Young twigs Methanol–dichloromethane extract HPLC-TOF/MS Turkey [ 114 ] 163. Hydroxycinnamic acid p -Coumaric acid-O-glucoside C. eriocarpa Leaves Methanol extract UHPLC-DAD, ESI-MS Pakistan [ 118 ] C. eriocarpa Leaves Methanol extract UHPLC-DAD, ESI-MS Pakistan [ 118 ] 164.…”