Evaluation of groundwater for nitrate and fluoride in Alappuzha region from the southwestern coast of India and associated health risks

Selvam, S.; Nath, Akhila V.; Roy, Priyadarsi D.; Jesuraja, K.; Muthukumar, P.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116791

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The non-carcinogenic effect of an individual contaminant can be shown as the hazard quotient (HQ) for oral water consumption, calculated by Equation 7 (Selvam et al, 2023).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where: RfDo -the reference dose for chronic oral exposure (1.60 mg/kg/day) of nitrate Finally, the total hazard index (THI) for noncarcinogenic risk was determined (Equation 8) (Selvam et al, 2023).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This concentration of dissolved oxygen is below the permitted level, which could be one of the reasons why different species such as trout, catfish and frogs have disappeared from the Ichu river (Sáez-Huamán et al, 2023). Nitrate pollution in water sources is mainly caused by over-application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers, unregulated discharge of untreated domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and discharge from landfills (Selvam et al, 2023). The average nitrate concentration in the Ichu River was 12.6 mg/L.…”

Section: Analysis Of Water Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Quality Index and Health Risks in a Peruvian High Andean River

Sánchez-Araujo,

Portuguez-Maurtua,

Palomino-Pastrana

et al. 2024

Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol.

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Water quality in rivers is affected as it passes through urban areas; this situation can be improved with good management of water resources. High Andean rivers require further studies to indicate their quality status. In addition, it is important to estimate the health risks associated with exposure to contaminants in the river water. Therefore, it is proposed to assess the water quality index (WQI) using the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) model and the health risks in the urban section of the Ichu River in Peru. Six monitoring points were selected in the section of the Ichu River that includes the urbanized part of the city of Huancavelica. The sample was taken during the months of February to April 2021. Critical parameters were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis as principal components and cluster test. In addition, Pearson's correlation test was performed, and the water quality status was evaluated using the WQI-NSF model. The Ichu River was of "bad" quality, unfit for human consumption, and confirming the impact of the population on water quality. The WQI-NSF model could be useful for high Andean watercourses suffering from anthropogenic deterioration of quality, with illegal effluent discharges and poor sanitation. There is a high health risk due to fecal coliform contamination from sewage discharges into the river. In addition, the total hazard index indicated that contaminants are causing negative health effects in adult males at a low risk level (risk 2), adult females at a moderate risk level (risk 3), and children at a negligible risk level (risk 1). With the help of this study, an appropriate management plan can be put in place to restore the ecological integrity of the Ichu River.

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“…The non-carcinogenic effect of an individual contaminant can be shown as the hazard quotient (HQ) for oral water consumption, calculated by Equation 7 (Selvam et al, 2023).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis Of Water Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Water Quality Index and Health Risks in a Peruvian High Andean River

Sánchez-Araujo,

Portuguez-Maurtua,

Palomino-Pastrana

et al. 2024

Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol.

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Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Jadoon,

Zaheer,

Tariq

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Renowned for its agriculture, livestock, and mining, Zhob district, Pakistan, faces the urgent problem of declining groundwater quality due to natural and human-induced factors. This deterioration poses significant challenges for residents who rely on groundwater for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. Therefore, this novel study aimed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Zhob district, considering various aspects such as hydrochemical characteristics, human health risks, and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. While previous studies may have focused on one or a few of these aspects, this study integrates multiple analyses to provide a holistic understanding of the groundwater quality situation in the region. Additionally, the study applies a range of common hydrochemical analysis methods (acid–base titration, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and ion chromatography), drinking water quality index (WQI), irrigation indices, and health risk assessment models, using 19 water quality parameters. This multi-method approach enhances the robustness and accuracy of the assessment, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and stakeholders. The results revealed that means of the majority of water quality parameters, such as pH (7.64), electrical conductivity (830.13 μScm–1), total dissolved solids (562.83 mgL–1), as well as various anions, and cations, were in line with drinking water norms. However, the water quality index (WQI) predominantly indicated poor drinking water quality (range = 51–75) at 50% sites, followed by good quality (range = 26–50) at 37% of the sites, with 10% of the sites exhibiting very poor quality (range = 76–100). For irrigation purposes, indices such as sodium percent (mean = 31.37%), sodium adsorption ratio (mean = 0.98 meqL–1), residual sodium carbonate (– 3.15 meqL–1), Kelley’s index (mean = 0.49), and permeability (mean = 49.11%) indicated suitability without immediate treatment. However, the magnesium hazard (mean = 46.11%) and potential salinity (mean = 3.93) demonstrated that prolonged application of groundwater for irrigation needs soil management to avoid soil compaction and salinity. Water samples exhibit characteristics of medium salinity and low alkalinity (C2S1) as well as high salinity and low alkalinity (C3S1) categories. The Gibbs diagram results revealed that rock weathering, including silicate weathering and cation exchange, is the primary factor governing the hydrochemistry of groundwater. The hydrochemical composition is dominated by mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, followed by Na–Cl and Mg–Cl types. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment highlighted that fluoride (F–) posed a higher risk compared with nitrate (NO3–). Additionally, ingestion was found to pose a higher risk to health compared to dermal contact, with children being particularly vulnerable. The average hazard index (HI) for children was 1.24, surpassing the allowable limit of 1, indicating detrimental health effects on this subpopulation. Conversely, average HI values for adult females (0.59) and adult males (0.44) were within safe levels, suggesting minimal concerns for these demographic groups. Overall, the study’s interdisciplinary approach and depth of analysis make a significant contribution to understanding groundwater quality dynamics and associated risks in Zhob district, potentially informing future management and mitigation strategies.

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