Evaluation of graphene oxide, chitosan and their complex as antibacterial agents and anticancer apoptotic effect on HeLa cell line

Abstract

Cancer and bacterial infection are the most serious problems threatening people's lives worldwide. However, the overuse of antibiotics as antibacterial and anticancer treatments can cause side effects and lead to drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, developing natural materials with excellent antibacterial and anticancer activity is of great importance. In this study, different concentrations of chitosan (CS), graphene oxide (GO), and graphene oxide-chitosan composite (GO-CS) were tested to inhibit the bacterial growth of gram-positive (Bacillus cereus MG257494.1) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1). Moreover, we used the most efficient natural antibacterial material as an anticancer treatment. The zeta potential is a vital factor for antibacterial and anticancer mechanism, at pH 3–7, the zeta potential of chitosan was positive while at pH 7–12 were negative, however, the zeta potential for GO was negative at all pH values, which (p < 0.05) increased in the GO-CS composite. Chitosan concentrations (0.2 and 1.5%) exhibited antibacterial activity against BC with inhibition zone diameters of 4 and 12 mm, respectively, and against PAO1 with 2 and 10 mm, respectively. Treating BC and PAO1 with GO:CS (1:2) and GO:CS (1:1) gave a larger (p < 0.05) inhibition zone diameter. The viability and proliferation of HeLa cells treated with chitosan were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 95.3% at 0% to 12.93%, 10.33%, and 5.93% at 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.60% concentrations of chitosan, respectively. Furthermore, CS treatment increased the activity of the P53 protein, which serves as a tumor suppressor. This study suggests that chitosan is effective as an antibacterial and may be useful for cancer treatment.

Utilising N‐glutaryl chitosan‐based film with butterfly pea flower anthocyanin as a freshness indicator of chicken breast

“…Electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding due to the presence of a carboxylic group in the ChGA chain contributed to depressing the RSC96 cells. Other studies in carboxylated Ch have shown that all in vitro evaluations demonstrated good cell viability 76–78 . Nevertheless, a cell viability percentage of more than 70% indicates a non‐cytotoxic compound according to ISO 10993‐5 79 .…”

“…The cell viability percentage for Ch treatment was also high at 93.45 shown that all in vitro evaluations demonstrated good cell viability. [76][77][78] Nevertheless, a cell viability percentage of more than 70% indicates a non-cytotoxic compound according to ISO 10993-5. 79 Additionally, the addition of BPA in Ch-BPA and ChGA-BPA films may increase cell viability because of its characteristic as an antioxidant that can prevent oxidative stress from decreasing cell viability.…”

Bactericidal Chitosan Derivatives and Their Superabsorbent Blends with ĸ – Carrageenan

“…Importantly, blends of these copolymers with CG show greater growth inhibition than the copolymers themselves and are 5.81 log10 CFU/ml dCsSB-PCA-ε-CL: CG 50:50 and 5.96 log10 CFU/ml CsSB-SFD-ε-CL: CG 50:50. Despite many literature reports proving the antibacterial activity of chitosan and carrageenan [59,[80][81][82][83][84] only a slight decrease in the growth of the E. coli strain was observed at concentration 0.1mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of this strain after 48 h is shown in Figure S1 Supplementary Materials.…”

Bactericidal Chitosan Derivatives and Their Superabsorbent Blends with ĸ-Carrageenan

“…Importantly, blends of these copolymers with CG show greater growth inhibition than the copolymers themselves and are 5.81 log 10 CFU/ml dCsSB-PCA-ε-CL: CG 50:50 and 5.96 log 10 CFU/ml CsSB-SFD-ε-CL: CG 50:50. Despite many reports in the literature proving the antibacterial activity of chitosan and carrageenan [59,[79][80][81][82][83], only a slight decrease in the growth of the E. coli strain was observed at concentration 0.1 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity of this strain after 48 h is shown in Figure S1 Supplementary Materials.…”

“…In Figure S2 Supplementary Materials the results after 48 h are presented, they also show no significant changes compared to 24 h. inhibition than the copolymers themselves and are 5.81 log10 CFU/ml dCsSB-PCA-ε CG 50:50 and 5.96 log10 CFU/ml CsSB-SFD-ε-CL: CG 50:50. Despite many reports in literature proving the antibacterial activity of chitosan and carrageenan [59,[79][80][81][82][83], on slight decrease in the growth of the E. coli strain was observed at concentration 0.1 mg The antibacterial activity of this strain after 48 h is shown in Figure S1 Supplemen Materials. The results were similar to those after 24 h. The results regarding antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa are presente Figure 12.…”