Evaluation of geostatistical and multiple regression models for assessment of spatial characteristics of carbon monoxide concentration in a data-limited environment

Employing an Eigenfunction Eigendecomposition algorithm to cartographically and statistically delineate traffic-related carbon monoxide pollution in Hillsborough County, Florida

“…The pollutants tend to concentrate downwind on the road (USEPA, 2014). As wind speed increases, the CO dissipation rate increases (Pan et al, 2016;Njoku et al, 2022). According to Njoku et al (2022), wind speed has more influence on CO concentration and dispersal than other weather parameters, such as humidity and temperature.…”

“…CO emissions decreased significantly during the lockdown due to reduced traffic intensity (Le et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021;Orth and Russell, 2023). Furthermore, the concentration of CO emissions climaxes during peak hours in the mornings and evenings due to human activities, which also indicates the positive correlation between traffic volume and CO emission (USEPA, 2014;USEPA, 2015;Pan et al, 2016;Tarigan et al, 2018;Njoku et al, 2022). On the contrary, as traffic speed decreased, CO emissions increased (Pan et al, 2016;Abedian et al, 2021).…”

“…Influential factors of CO pollution include traffic and weather conditions which can significantly affect pollutant concentrations (Kamiński et al, 2007;USEPA, 2014;Pan et al, 2016;Razavi-termeh et al, 2019;Hauptman et al, 2020;Abedian et al, 2021;Le et al, 2021;Njoku et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2021;Biswal et al, 2023). Traffic conditions that usually influence CO concentrations include vehicle volume, speed, and distance from sources of pollution, and at the same time, these factors interact with each other (Kamiński et al, 2007;USEPA, 2014;Pan et al, 2016;Tarigan et al, 2018;Razavitermeh et al, 2019).…”

“…The concentration of pollutants is also influenced by the type of vehicles (Orth and Russell, 2023), the design of roads, surrounding land use, and certain events such as congestion and acceleration (USEPA, 2014). In addition to traffic situations and human activities, weather conditions can also alter CO concentration (National Weather Service [NWS], n.d.; USEPA, 2014; Pan et al, 2016;Njoku et al, 2022). The pollutants tend to concentrate downwind on the road (USEPA, 2014).…”

“…According to Njoku et al (2022), wind speed has more influence on CO concentration and dispersal than other weather parameters, such as humidity and temperature. The variations in CO concentration levels usually occur with the variation in weather and traffic conditions (Kamiński et al, 2007;USEPA, 2014;Pan et al, 2016;Razavi-termeh et al, 2019;Hauptman et al, 2020;Abedian et al, 2021;Le et al, 2021;Njoku et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2021;Biswal et al, 2023).…”