Evaluation of Gamma Interferon and Antibody Tuberculosis Tests in Alpacas

Rhodes, Shelley; Holder, Tom; Clifford, Derek; Dexter, Ian; Brewer, J. I.; Smith, Noel H.; Waring, Laura; Crawshaw, T. R.; Gillgan, Steve; Lyashchenko, Konstantin P.; Lawrence, John C.; Clarke, John; Rúa-Doménech, Ricardo de la; Vordermeier, Martin

doi:10.1128/cvi.00405-12

Cited by 28 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In previous work, we have described the development of multiplex serology tests by using antigen arrays to detect antibodies to specific M. bovis antigens in several species, including cattle, goats, and alpacas (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). The sensitivities and specificities obtained with these serology tests varied with the population under study.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

O’Brien¹,

Whelan²,

Clarke³

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Tuberculosis in goats is usually diagnosed clinically, at postmortem, or by a positive skin test. However, none of these approaches detects all infected animals. Serology offers an additional tool to identify infected animals missed by current tests. We describe the use of the Enferplex Caprine TB serology test to aid the management of a large dairy goat herd undergoing a tuberculosis breakdown. Initial skin and serology testing showed that IgG antibodies were present in both serum and milk from 100% of skin test-positive animals and in serum and milk from 77.8 and 95.4% of skin test-negative animals, respectively. A good correlation was observed between serum and milk antibody levels. The herd had been vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, but no direct serological crossreactions were found. Subsequent skin testing revealed 13.7% positive animals, 64.9% of which were antibody positive, while 42.1% of skin test-negative animals were seropositive. Antibody responses remained high 1 month later (57.1% positive), and the herd was slaughtered. Postmortem analysis of 20 skin test-negative goats revealed visible lesions in 6 animals, all of which had antibodies to six Mycobacterium bovis antigens. The results provide indirect evidence that serology testing with serum or milk could be a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in goats.KEYWORDS tuberculosis, antibodies, goats T uberculosis (TB) due to infection by Mycobacterium bovis is a major problem in cattle in the United Kingdom, causing huge financial losses, as well as being a significant zoonosis risk. The presence of significant levels of TB in wildlife vectors such as the badger has led to trial culling or vaccination of these animals in high-risk areas such as southwestern England and Wales, respectively. Spillover hosts such as sheep, goats, deer, and alpacas also present a risk of spreading TB (1). Currently, control programs involving cattle are focused on detecting cell-mediated immunity (CMI) through the use of tuberculin skin testing and gamma interferon (IFN-␥) tests. In goats, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) and the single intradermal test (SIT) are used to detect infection (2-5). Published estimates of SICTT sensitivity range from 42.7 to 83.7%, while those of SIT range from 44.6 to 93.8% (2, 3, 5). However, a recent study adopting bacteriology as the gold standard showed the sensitivity of the SIT by the severe interpretation to be as low as 43.9% and to decrease to 38.8% by the standard interpretation, while the sensitivity of the SICTT ranged between 21.3 and 7%, depending of the interpretation criterion used (6).Recent studies also showed that when goats are coinfected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity of the TB skin tests appear to be adversely affected, with a substantial proportion of M. bovis-infected animals going undetected (2-4, 7-11). Since skin and serology tests measure different arms of

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

O’Brien¹,

Whelan²,

Clarke³

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The PCR test did not produce any false positive results, indicating a specificity of 100%. This compares to specificitiy of the antibody tests of 96.7% to 97.4% [3]. The PCR test offers the potential for a high specificity test with comparable sensitivity to the antibody tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current ante mortem immunological tests available to detect TB in SACs do not have high sensitivity individually, though in if used in combination sensitivity can be increased [3]. In GB there is no routine testing of SACs for TB and as a consequence disease is often first detected only when a SAC dies and it is examined post-mortem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proof of concept study to assess the potential of PCR testing to detect natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in South American camelids

et al. 2014

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BackgroundCases of Mycobacterium bovis infection South American camelids have been increasing in Great Britain. Current antemortem immunological tests have some limitations. Cases at post mortem examination frequently show extensive pathology. The feasibility of detecting Mycobacterium bovis DNA in clinical samples was investigated.FindingsA sensitive extraction methodology was developed and used on nasal swabs and faeces taken post-mortem to assess the potential for a PCR test to detect Mycobacterium bovis in clinical samples. The gross pathology of the studied South American camelids was scored and a significantly greater proportion of South American camelids with more severe pathology were positive in both the nasal swab and faecal PCR tests. A combination of the nasal swab and faecal PCR tests detected 63.9% of all the South American camelids with pathology that were tested.ConclusionsThe results suggest that antemortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in South American camelids may be possible using a PCR test on clinical samples, however more work is required to determine sensitivity and specificity, and the practicalities of applying the test in the field.

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“…Unlike cattle, these species are considered exotic and usually no regular tuberculosis testing programmes exist. Several outbreaks of M. bovis including human cases have caused public health concern (Rhodes et al 2012;Dinkla et al 1991).…”

Section: Mycobacterium Bovis Infections At the Animal/ Human Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Aspects of Tuberculosis: Disease of the past or re-emerging zoonosis?

Michel

2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Tuberculosis is a serious chronic disease of humans and animals caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. While M. tuberculosis affects primarily humans, Mycobacterium bovis has a wide range of host species including wild and domestic animals and humans. This chapter investigates the role of different host species in the transmission of tuberculosis at various animal/human interfaces. While drivers and modes of zoonotic TB transmission are reviewed, a broad spectrum of complexities hampering the eradication of this disease are highlighted. The most important constraints, next to factors related to pathogen-host interactions such as HIV co-infection and multidrug resistance of MTBC strains, are socio-economic shortcomings in the control of bovine tuberculosis in the cattle population as well as traditional customs and habits related to the consumption of milk and other animal products.

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Evaluation of Gamma Interferon and Antibody Tuberculosis Tests in Alpacas

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

A proof of concept study to assess the potential of PCR testing to detect natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in South American camelids

Zoonotic Aspects of Tuberculosis: Disease of the past or re-emerging zoonosis?

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