Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to turbulent shear flow

Deng, Zhiqun; Guensch, Gregory R.; McKinstry, Craig A.; Mueller, Robert P.; Dauble, Dennis D.; Richmond, Marshall C.

doi:10.1139/f05-091

Cited by 100 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…With their streamlined body shape, salmonids are evolutionarily well adapted to severe velocities and velocity fluctuation, and may use shear stress and turbulence to their advantage while swimming head-on into the flow (Liao et al 2003). However, if flow is coming from behind or at extremely high levels (e.g., in hydroelectric turbines), shear stresses can lead to sublethal physiological effects on fish equilibrium (Ferguson et al 2006), lift and tear off scales, pry open the operculum, rupture or dislodge eyes, and damage gills (Odeh et al 2002;Neitzel et al 2004;Deng et al 2005). Maps of these four turbulence variables were created using linear interpolation in Vertical Mapper 3.0 in MapInfo Professional 7.0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Choice by Atlantic Salmon Parr in Relation to Turbulence at a Reach Scale

Enders

Roy

Ovidio

et al. 2009

N American J Fish Manag

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Abstract.-The variables commonly used to describe the physical habitat of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr are average velocity, water depth, and substrate. A variety of micro-and mesohabitat models have been developed using these variables to assess habitat quality. However, Atlantic salmon parr live in highly turbulent streams and rivers in which intense fluctuations of water velocity occur. Laboratory experiments have shown that turbulence affects the behavior and energetics of fish. Nevertheless, habitat use in relation to the strong temporal variability of velocity in natural environments has rarely been studied. In this study, Atlantic salmon parr habitat was examined in relation to turbulence in the Patapédia River, Quebec. Rather than taking the usual approach of surveying a large population at one point in time, we used an intensive radiotelemetry tracking survey that focused on the habitat use of a few individual fish over an extended period. We analyzed habitat use in relation to several dynamic hydraulic variables. Our results revealed that under naturally turbulent conditions, the parr displayed high individual variability in their habitat use. Such heterogeneous use of habitat suggests that individuals are not constrained to a single habitat type. Furthermore, no differences were observed in habitat use among the four daily periods (dawn, day, dusk, and night) for individual parr.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Choice by Atlantic Salmon Parr in Relation to Turbulence at a Reach Scale

Enders

Roy

Ovidio

et al. 2009

N American J Fish Manag

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“…36 Any fish trapped in the boundary between the two intersecting water bodies would be involuntarily torn in opposing directions (known as "shear stress"), which can cause injury or death at elevated levels of shear. 37 Fish are exposed to various levels of shear on a daily basis. 36,37 Fluid shear can occur in natural riffles, at the base of waterfalls, or in eddies and backwaters.…”

Section: B Shear Stress Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 Fish are exposed to various levels of shear on a daily basis. 36,37 Fluid shear can occur in natural riffles, at the base of waterfalls, or in eddies and backwaters. When fish are exposed to unusually high levels of shear, fluid shear becomes a substantial welfare issue.…”

Section: B Shear Stress Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of shear flumes, where fish can be exposed to user-defined levels of shear stress created by a high pressure jet, is a useful way of identifying the upper tolerances of fish. 37,38 C. Pressure-related injuries All fish that pass through a regulator or mini hydro turbine experience pressure change, 33 the severity of which is dictated by the route of passage, type of infrastructure, and the operating head. A rapid decompression can expand gas-filled organs in the fish or cause gas in the blood to come out of solution.…”

Section: B Shear Stress Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective: Towards environmentally acceptable criteria for downstream fish passage through mini hydro and irrigation infrastructure in the Lower Mekong River Basin

Baumgartner¹,

Deng

Thorncraft

et al. 2014

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

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Tropical rivers have high annual discharges optimal for hydropower and irrigation development. The Mekong River is one of the largest tropical river systems, supporting a unique mega-diverse fish community. Fish are an important commodity in the Mekong, contributing a large proportion of calcium, protein, and essential nutrients to the diet of the local people and providing a critical source of income for rural households. Many of these fish migrate not only upstream and downstream within main-channel habitats but also laterally into highly productive floodplain habitat to both feed and spawn. Most work to date has focused on providing for upstream fish passage, but downstream movement is an equally important process to protect. Expansion of hydropower and irrigation weirs can disrupt downstream migrations and it is important to ensure that passage through regulators or mini hydro systems is not harmful or fatal. Many new infrastructure projects (<6 m head) are proposed for the thousands of tributary streams throughout the Lower Mekong Basin and it is important that designs incorporate the best available science to protect downstream migrants. Recent advances in technology have provided new techniques which could be applied to Mekong fish species to obtain design criteria that can facilitate safe downstream passage. Obtaining and applying this knowledge to new infrastructure projects is essential in order to produce outcomes that are more favorable to local ecosystems and fisheries.

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“…Four general approaches are currently being applied in the development of safer turbines and spillways: 1) direct evaluation of turbine passage injury and mortality rates and other aspects of risk of injury (biological response) in field studies utilizing balloon-tagged fish and Sensor Fish (Mathur et al 1996(Mathur et al , 2000Carlson et al 2003); 2) laboratory studies to establish the biological criteria for fish injury and mortality by quantifying the hydraulic forces required to produce biological responses observed in field studies (Turnpenny 1998;Johnson et al 2003;Neitzel et al 2004;Deng et al 2005b); 3) application of reduced-scale physical models (Hecker and Cook 2005); and 4) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques to explore and evaluate turbine design and operation alternatives (Rakowski et al 2005;Cada et al 2006b). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological assessment of the advanced turbine design at Wanapum Dam, 2005

Dauble

Richmond

et al. 2007

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Executive SummaryThis report summarizes the results of studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to evaluate the biological performance of an advanced design turbine installed at Unit 8 of Wanapum Dam on the Columbia River in 2005. In all studies, paired comparisons were made between Unit 8 and a conventional Kaplan turbine, Unit 9. PNNL studies included an evaluation of blade-strike using deterministic and probabilistic models, integrated analysis of the response of the Sensor Fish to severe hydraulic events within the turbine system, and a novel dye technique to measure injury to juvenile salmonids in the field.The first study involved applying deterministic and stochastic blade-strike models to the advanced and existing turbine designs. Modeled probabilities were compared to results of Sensor Fish releases and injury/mortality of balloon-tagged fish under the same operational parameters. The new advanced design turbine had slightly higher modeled injury rates than the existing turbine design; however, there was no statistical evidence that suggested significant differences in blade-strike probabilities. Overall, injury rates predicted by the deterministic model were higher than experimental rates of injury while those predicted by the stochastic model were in close agreement. Fish orientation at the time of entry into the plane of the leading edges of the turbine runner blades is an important factor contributing to uncertainty in modeled results.A second study focused on expanded analysis of Sensor Fish data through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and other analytical techniques. The Sensor Fish data was collected in conjunction with balloon tag tests involving juvenile Chinook salmon. Sensor Fish pressure and acceleration measurements were analyzed to identify characteristic signatures in each passage time history. These signatures were used, together with CFD and streamline plots, to identify the frequency and location of significant acceleration events such as collisions and shear. The Sensor Fish data were divided into four regions for each release condition (i.e., turbine, discharge, release pipe depth, and intake bay). Events were classified as either collision or shear and by severity level. The majority (80%) of severe acceleration events were due to collision. When all four regions were pooled, the two turbine units had similar probability of severe collisions (i.e., 20%). Unit 8 (advanced turbine) had fewer severe shear events (1.1%) than unit 9 (3.4%), but Unit 8 had more slight shear events (29.3%) than Unit 9 (19.7%). Although mean pressure nadirs recorded by Sensor Fish were consistently higher for Unit 8, values were highly variable. Thus, there was no overall evidence of correlation with Sensor Fish collision events and measured pressure nadir. The overall predicted shear injury rates were 3.1% for Unit 8 and 4.4% for Unit 9. This compared to observed injury rates of 1.1% and 0.9% for Units 8 and 9...

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Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to turbulent shear flow

Cited by 100 publications

References 13 publications

Habitat Choice by Atlantic Salmon Parr in Relation to Turbulence at a Reach Scale

Habitat Choice by Atlantic Salmon Parr in Relation to Turbulence at a Reach Scale

Perspective: Towards environmentally acceptable criteria for downstream fish passage through mini hydro and irrigation infrastructure in the Lower Mekong River Basin

Biological assessment of the advanced turbine design at Wanapum Dam, 2005

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