Evaluation of Filtration Performance Efficiency of Commercial Cloth Masks

장지영,; 김승원,

doi:10.5668/jehs.2015.41.3.203

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This review summarizes a century of evidence on the efficiency of cloth and cloth masks to reduce transmission of droplets and aerosols ( Supplemental Table , available online at http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org ). 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 We argue that this body of work should inform decisions in the context of reducing the transmissibility of COVID-19. Physical distancing, hand washing, and disinfection of surfaces remain the cornerstones of policy, and we stress that we are not discussing cloth masks as a means of relaxing these interventions or as a replacement for formal personal protective equipment (PPE) for high-risk workers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although data are not exactly comparable between studies, the observed filtration efficiency of 3% for this particular cloth mask material is the lowest for commercial cloth mask that we identified in any study (Table 1). 16,20,26,29 The medical mask comparator, assessed at 56% filtration efficiency (as flat material), performed substantially better. 26 Unsurprisingly given these properties, continuous cloth mask use, compared with continuous medical mask use, was associated with increased incidence of influenzalike illness (relative risk [RR], 13.3; 95% CI, 1.74 to 101).…”

Section: Have Rcts Been Conducted On the Effectiveness Of Cloth Masks In Any Setting?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1 summarizes studies that use modern methodology Figure to test the filtration efficiency of flat cloth, organized by fabric type, and includes information on medical mask material and respirator material comparators. 14 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 35 , 46 Few of these studies used standardized methodology, and their results are not directly comparable. Collectively, they reveal that even at low thread counts and layers, and for aerosols, some kinds of cloth block substantial percentages of transmission.…”

Section: Can Fabric Block Coarse and Fine Particles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although data are not available that conform with any modern standard method, from the studies available, cotton, muslin (a type of unfinished cotton), and flannel are the best supported and are our suggestions for an evidence-informed cloth mask. Successful masks have used muslin at a TPI of approximately 100 in 3 to 4 layers (4-layer muslin 28 or a muslin-flannel-muslin sandwich 17 ), tea towels (also known as dish towels)—studied as 1 layer 32 and 2 layers expected to be better 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 34 —and good-quality cotton T-shirts in 2 layers 14 , 46 , 49 ; in flat cloth experiments, linen tea towel in 2 layers 14 , 46 cotton 600 TPI in 2 layers 23 or cotton 600 TPI with flannel 90 TPI 23 performed well. (Two-layer cotton 80 TPI did not perform well.…”

Section: What Materials and Designs Should Be Used? An Evidence-informentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks—A Narrative Review

Clase

Ashur

et al. 2020

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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Management of the global crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic requires detailed appraisal of evidence to support clear, actionable, and consistent public health messaging. The use of cloth masks for general public use is being debated, and is in flux. We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and Google for articles reporting the filtration properties of flat cloth or cloth masks. We reviewed the reference lists of relevant articles to identify further articles and identified articles through social and conventional news media. We found 25 articles. Study of protection for the wearer used healthy volunteers, or used a manikin wearing a mask, with airflow to simulate different breathing rates. Studies of protection of the environment, also known as source control, used convenience samples of healthy volunteers. The design and execution of the studies was generally rigorously described. Many descriptions of cloth lacked the detail required for reproducibility; no study provided all the expected details of material, thread count, weave, and weight. Some of the homemade mask designs were reproducible. Successful masks were made of muslin at 100 threads per inch (TPI) in 3 to 4 layers (4-layer muslin or a muslin-flannel-muslin sandwich), tea towels (also known as dish towels), made using 1 layer (2 layers would be expected to be better), and good-quality cotton T-shirts in 2 layers (with a stitched edge to prevent stretching). In flat-cloth experiments, linen tea towels, 600-TPI cotton in 2 layers, and 600-TPI cotton with 90-TPI flannel performed well but 80-TPI cotton in 2 layers did not. We therefore recommend cotton or flannel at least 100 TPI, at least 2 layers. More layers, 3 or 4, will provide increased filtration but there is a trade-off in that more layers increases the resistance to breathing. Although this is not a systematic review, we included all the articles that we identified in an unbiased way. We did not include gray literature or preprints. A plain language summary of these data and recommendations, as well as information on making, wearing and cleaning cloth masks is available at www.clothmasks.ca.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Have Rcts Been Conducted On the Effectiveness Of Cloth Masks In Any Setting?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Can Fabric Block Coarse and Fine Particles?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Materials and Designs Should Be Used? An Evidence-informentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks—A Narrative Review

Clase

Ashur

et al. 2020

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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“…The study conducted by Jang et al (31) aimed to evaluate the filtration efficiency, the number of layers, and the effect of washing of commercial cloth masks as compared to respirators. The results of this study showed that the filtration capacity of cloth masks increased 1.7-4.6 times and 2.3-6.8 times when the cloth masks were folded into two and four layers, respectively, as compared with masks consisting only of one layer.…”

Section: Cloth Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mandatory universal use of cloth mask for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 transmission

2021

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Since the outbreak in Wuhan City, China, in late December 2019, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to nearly the whole world, so that it was declared a pandemic by the Word Health Organization. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative organism of COVID-19, is extremely infectious and can adhere to droplet nuclei of < 5 mm diameter and become airborne (aerosol). Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, there has been controversy on the use of cloth masks by the public, because of the still inconclusive evidence of the efficacy of cloth masks in protecting against COVID-19 transmission. Universal masking as a healthcare intervention in the community is currently made mandatory by local governments of most countries, since they follow the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization. The issuing of the WHO recommendation on the public use of masks was based on a study demonstrating that COVID-19 transmission does not occur only through droplets but also through aerosols. In addition, there was a study showing that COVID-19 transmission does not only occur from patients with clinical symptoms but also through asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic subjects, so that universal masking is of benefit in providing protection when used by healthy people and as source control to prevent cross-transmission to other people. This review article aims to discuss the mechanism of COVID-19 transmission, the evidence related to the efficacy of cloth masks, and the guidelines related to the selection and use of masks by the general population.

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Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control

Yang,

Myers,

Bergman

et al. 2024

American Journal of Infection Control

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Evaluation of Filtration Performance Efficiency of Commercial Cloth Masks

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks—A Narrative Review

Forgotten Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Filtration Properties of Cloth and Cloth Masks—A Narrative Review

Mandatory universal use of cloth mask for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 transmission

Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control

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