Evaluation of factors that affect analytic variability of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio determination in dogs

Rossi, G.; Giori, Luca; Campagnola, S.; Zatelli, Andrea; Zini, Eric; Paltrinieri, Saverio

doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.6.779

Cited by 40 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The effect of sediment analysis on UPC was not evaluated, because of the low number of samples with an active sediment (5%, 4 of 71). A previous study already emphasized the importance to interpret UPC in light of urinary sediment findings …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sediment was resuspended by flicking the tube several times . One unstained drop of the resuspended sediment was microscopically examined (40× magnification) to count the mean number of RBCs, WBCs, and epithelial cells per high‐power field (HPF), as previously described . Bacteriuria, spermaturia, and lipiduria were noted, and casts and crystals were evaluated according to a semiquantitative scale (absent, mild [1/HPF], moderate [1–3/HPF], or severe [≥3/HPF]) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sediments were classified as active on the basis of the presence of one or more of the following findings: bacteriuria, a moderate number of casts, and >5 RBCs, WBCs, or epithelial cells/hpf. Samples with none of these findings were classified as inactive . Sediment of free catch urine samples was similarly prepared and examined, preferably within 60 minutes after collection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine

Marynissen

Willems

Paepe

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundUp to 25% of elderly humans have proteinuria, often associated with underlying lesions. Data concerning the presence of proteinuria in elderly dogs is scarce.ObjectivesTo describe the presence and persistence of proteinuria and to compare urinary protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) between free catch and cystocentesis urine samples in apparently healthy elderly dogs.AnimalsHundred apparently healthy elderly dogs.MethodsProspective study. Owners of 100 elderly dogs were asked to collect 2 free catch urine samples. Dogs were considered healthy based on owner's perception and an age chart, based on ideal bodyweight, was used to define dogs as senior or geriatric. UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis were compared. Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were defined as UPC >0.5 and between 0.2 and 0.5, respectively, if examination of sediment did not explain proteinuria. Proteinuria was considered persistent if present at both sampling times.ResultsAt baseline, 71 owners succeeded in collecting urine. Eleven percent of dogs had overt proteinuria, 14% were borderline proteinuric, and 75% nonproteinuric. Thirty‐seven repeated urine samples, with a median time interval of 31 days (range 10–90), were available. Nineteen percent of dogs had a persistently increased UPC (>0.2), with persistent overt proteinuria present in 8%. A strong correlation (ρ = 0.88) was found between UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAs 19% of study dogs had persistent proteinuria, our findings emphasize that measurement of proteinuria should be part of geriatric health screening. For UPC in dogs, free catch urine provides a good alternative to cystocentesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine

Marynissen

Willems

Paepe

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Damage to proximal tubules causes loss of microvillosities with consequent decrease in reabsorption and increase in protein excretion (RIVERS et al, 1996), which is of diagnostic or prognostic value in the initial detection and confi rmation of renal disease, and can be of considerable importance in the evaluation of therapeutic effi cacy and of renal disease progression (ROSSI et al, 2012). In healthy cats, urine proteincreatinine ratio is equal to or less than 0.2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tepoxalin on renal function and liver enzymes in cats exposed to hypotension with isoflurane

et al. 2014

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“…Samples may be stored at room temperature, refrigerated (4°C), or frozen (–20°C). In 1 prior study, canine urine was stored in an unspecified container type at room temperature for up to 4 hours and at −20°C for up to 3 months without significantly affecting UPC 27. Storage of human urine at −20°C for as little as 2 weeks has been reported to produce modifications to the albumin molecule that may cause mild preanalytic decreases in measured urine albumin concentration 28, 29.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of common storage temperatures and container types on urine protein : creatinine ratios in urine samples of proteinuric dogs

Moyle

Specht

Hill

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundPreanalytic protein adsorption to polymer and glass container surfaces may decrease urine protein concentration measurements and urine protein: creatinine ratios (UPC).Hypothesis/ObjectivesUrine stored in PC or glass containers will have lower UPC than urine stored in HP containers. The specific objective was to determine whether clinically relevant differences in UPC would be detected after storage in glass, PC, or HP containers using common storage times and temperatures.AnimalsTwelve client‐owned dogs with proteinuria.MethodsProspective, nonmasked study, divided into 2 phases. The first phase was a pilot study involving multiple (n = 5) measurements at each storage condition using 24‐hours urine samples from 2 dogs with persistent renal proteinuria of different magnitude. The second phase used urine samples from 10 dogs with proteinuria of variable magnitude. Sample aliquots were stored in HP, PC, and glass containers at 24°C for 4 hours, 4°C for 12 hours, and −20°C for 72 hours. The UPC of each was measured after storage and compared with baseline.ResultsStatistically significant but clinically irrelevant differences were found in phase 1. In phase 2, storage conditions did not affect urinary protein or creatinine concentrations or UPC.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCollection and storage of canine urine samples in clean HP, PC, or glass containers at 24°C for 4 hours, 4°C for 12 hours, or −20°C for 72 hours is unlikely to result in clinically relevant decreases in measured UPC values.

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Evaluation of factors that affect analytic variability of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio determination in dogs

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine

Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine

Tepoxalin on renal function and liver enzymes in cats exposed to hypotension with isoflurane

Effect of common storage temperatures and container types on urine protein : creatinine ratios in urine samples of proteinuric dogs

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