Evaluation of evaporative emissions from gasoline powered motor vehicles under South African conditions

Westhuisen, H Van der; Taylor, A. B.; Bell, Arthur; Mbarawa, Makame

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.024

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This result is also observed in other countries. 3,4,37 Even in the first 24 h of parking, China's current reliance upon the European 24-h diurnal standard results in 508 g/vehicle/year emissions, higher than 32 g/vehicle/year from Tier 2 vehicles. This indicates that the canister capacity and purge calibration resulting from Euro 24-h diurnal standards do not result in suitable control, particularly in large cities.…”

Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A car in Japan emits 526 g/year VOCs through diurnal (using the total vehicular evaporative emissions 37 476 tons/year divided by the number of gasoline vehicles of 71 244 174), 4 which is approximately 50% of the estimation in our study. A car in South Africa emits 0.97% of its fuel use through diurnal, hot soak, and running loss, 3 which is converted to 7647 g/year VOCs (considering VKT as 12 000 km/year, fuel economy as 0.09 L/km, gasoline density as 730 g/L). The estimation in South Africa is higher than our estimation and due to the large value of running loss.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

VOC from Vehicular Evaporation Emissions: Status and Control Strategy

Liu

Man

Tschantz³

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Vehicular evaporative emissions is an important source of volatile organic carbon (VOC), however, accurate estimation of emission amounts and scientific evaluation of control strategy for these emissions have been neglected outside of the United States. This study provides four kinds of basic emission factors: diurnal, hot soak, permeation, and refueling. Evaporative emissions from the Euro 4 vehicles (1.6 kg/year/car) are about four times those of U.S. vehicles (0.4 kg/year/car). Closing this emissions gap would have a larger impact than the progression from Euro 3 to Euro 6 tailpipe HC emission controls. Even in the first 24 h of parking, China's current reliance upon the European 24 h diurnal standard results in 508 g/vehicle/year emissions, higher than 32 g/vehicle/year from Tier 2 vehicles. The U.S. driving cycle matches Beijing real-world conditions much better on both typical trip length and average speed than current European driving cycles. At least two requirements should be added to the Chinese emissions standards: an onboard refueling vapor recovery to force the canister to be sized sufficiently large, and a 48-h evaporation test requirement to ensure that adequate purging occurs over a shorter drive sequence.

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Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VOC from Vehicular Evaporation Emissions: Status and Control Strategy

Liu

Man

Tschantz³

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This is of particular importance since South Africa does not regulate motor vehicle emissions and very few cars are fitted with catalytic converters. A recent report (Van der Westhuisen et al 2004) has shown that the level of hydrocarbon evaporative emissions from South African vehicles is 10 times higher than that allowed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The use of electronic toll collection would be an effective means of reducing vehicular emissions at the toll plaza (Saka et al 2001).…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Carbon monoxide levels at a toll plaza near Durban, South Africa

et al. 2005

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Reliable measurements of pollutant levels in the vicinity of a toll plaza appear to be rare. In order to assess the exposure of toll booth operators to carbon monoxide, a continuous carbon monoxide monitor was installed at head height in the booth of a medium density traffic lane at the Mariannhill toll plaza, situated on a busy highway near Durban, South Africa. Measurements in excess of 500 ppmv were recorded and the high daily mean carbon monoxide concentrations may account for some of the symptoms such as headaches and general malaise that have been reported by workers in the booths. Generally, carbon monoxide levels recorded far exceed the recommended limit set by the South African authorities. These results have led to recommendations regarding the structure of new and existing toll booths to minimize the exposure of toll booth workers to adverse effects of vehicle-emitted pollutants.

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“…Emission from the tail pipe is always considered the major cause of concern, where by evaporative emissions are ignored. Diurnal emissions are a type of evaporative emission that originate from the vehicle fuel tank as the fuel vaporizes due to the daily ambient temperature variations [1] . Two wheeled vehicles occupy a larger space on Indian roads [2] .Diurnal emissions are prevalent in the polycarbonate fuel tank which is commonly used in two wheeled vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Permeation can be checked by heating up the fuel from 15.6 o C to 28.9 o C (60-84 F) within a period of 1 h as prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1991Agency, , 1992Agency, , 1994 and CONCAVE (CONCAWE, 1987(CONCAWE, , 1988(CONCAWE, , 1990 [1] . The tests were performed using a mini-SHED, which is a structure designed to enclose a fuel-tank instead of the entire vehicle [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Evaporative Emission From a Gasoline Polycarbonate Fuel Tank

.¹

2013

IJRET

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It is estimated that about 15 to 20 percent of the vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) emission were due to evaporation of fuel. Hence a need was felt to understand the extent of evaporative emission from gasoline fuel system. A polycarbonate fuel tank that is predominantly used in two wheeled vehicles is considered for study. Emission can surface to atmosphere in three modes; diffusion through fuel tank wall, escaping through vent in tank and when fuel tank cap is opened for refueling. The average temperature condition which prevails in south India which is in the range of 27 o C to 34 o C was considered. From which temperatures which were at proximity to peak high and low day time were chosen. The complete set up was placed in open atmosphere to replicate the working environment. The emission constituents and its levels were measured by conducting the test particularly for averaged out day time high and low temperature condition. Further diffusion test was conducted within a range of 34 o C to 36 o C, this temperature is considered to be range of maximum temperature which prevails in south India. From which a temperature was chosen and the test was conducted. This comparative study gives an indication of emission and its quantity from the fuel tank at the ambient temperature.

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Evaluation of evaporative emissions from gasoline powered motor vehicles under South African conditions

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

VOC from Vehicular Evaporation Emissions: Status and Control Strategy

VOC from Vehicular Evaporation Emissions: Status and Control Strategy

Carbon monoxide levels at a toll plaza near Durban, South Africa

Investigation on Evaporative Emission From a Gasoline Polycarbonate Fuel Tank

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