Evaluation of EU risk assessments existing chemicals (EC Regulation 793/93)

Bodar, C.W.M.; Berthault, F; Bruijn, Jack H. M. de; Leeuwen, Cornelis van; Pronk, Marja E.J.; Vermeire, Theo

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00612-x

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The PNEC values were calculated based on the method recommended by the European Technical Guidance Document (TGD) in which PNEC was obtained from toxicity data of EC 50 or LC 50 divided by a fixed assessment factor (from 1000 to 10 depending on the ecotoxicological tests conducted) (Bodar et al, 2003). The aquatic toxicity data for the target antibiotics was obtained from the literature in order to calculate the PNEC (Boxall et al, 2004;Halling-Sørensen, 2000;Isidori et al, 2005;Kolar et al, 2014;Park and Choi, 2008;Robinson et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Levels, distributions and sources of veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Bohai Sea in China and surrounding estuaries

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Veterinary antibiotics are emerging contaminants of concern. A total of 139 samples comprising 104 marine sediments and 35 estuarine sediments were collected from the Bohai Sea area and analyzed for seventeen antibiotics. The results reveal that the presence and concentration of antibiotics were generally higher in the estuaries than in the sea. The highest antibiotic concentration, 4695 μg kg −1 of oxytetracycline, occurred in the estuarine sediment from Ziya New River. Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay and the surrounding estuaries had higher concentrations of antibiotics. However, low levels of antibiotics detected were detected in Liaodong Bay in contrast to the high concentrations present in the surrounding estuaries. Spatial heterogeneity and principal component analysis suggest a large impact of terrestrial sources of the antibiotics contaminating the Bohai Sea. Risk quotients indicate that current levels of norfloxacin and oxytetracycline might be potentially hazardous to sensitive biota both in the Bohai Sea and in its surrounding estuaries.

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confidence: 99%

Levels, distributions and sources of veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Bohai Sea in China and surrounding estuaries

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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“…One formulation of the precautionary principle is as follows: ''Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.'' 10 Thus, essential conditions for applying the precautionary principle are uncertainty and irreversibility. 11 In contrast, avoidance of Type I errors presupposes that a substance is safe, until the opposite has been shown.…”

Section: Making the Case For A More Balanced And Synchronized Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: implications for TSCA and REACH

Koch

Ash́ford

2006

Journal of Cleaner Production

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This article analyses the role of different kinds of information for minimizing or eliminating the risks due to the production, use, and disposal of chemical substances and contrasts it with present and planned (informational) regulation in the United States and the European Union, respectively. Some commentators who are disillusioned with regulatory approaches have argued that informational tools should supplant mandatory regulatory measures unflatteringly described as ''command and control.'' Critics of this reformist view are concerned with the lack of technology-innovation forcing that results from informational policies alone. We argue that informational tools can be made more technology inducing e and thus more oriented towards environmental innovations e than they are under current practices, with or without complementary regulatory mechanisms, although a combination of approaches may yield the best results.The conventional approach to chemicals policy envisions a sequential process that includes three steps of (1) producing or collecting risk-relevant information, (2) performing a risk assessment or characterization, followed by (3) risk management practices, often driven by regulation. We argue that such a sequential process is too static, or linear, and spends too many resources on searching for, or generating information about present hazards, in comparison to searching for, and generating information related to safer alternatives which include input substitution, final product reformulation, and/or process changes. These pollution prevention or cleaner technology approaches are generally acknowledged to be superior to pollution control. We argue that the production of risk information necessary for risk assessment, on the one hand, and the search for safer alternatives on the other hand, should be approached simultaneously in two parallel quests. Overcoming deficits in hazard-related information and knowledge about risk reduction alternatives must take place in a more synchronized manner than is currently being practiced. This parallel approach blurs the alleged bright line between risk assessment and risk management, but reflects more closely how regulatory agencies actually approach the regulation of chemicals.These theoretical considerations are interpreted in the context of existing and planned informational tools in the United States and the European Union, respectively. The current political debate in the European Union concerned with reforming chemicals policy and implementing the REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) system is focused on improving the production and assessment of risk information with regard to existing chemicals, although it also contains some interesting risk management elements. To some extent, REACH mirrors the approach taken in the United States under the Toxics Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. TSCA turned out not to be effectively implemented and provides lessons that should be relevant to REACH. In this context, we discuss the op...

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“…agencies, and associated stakeholders (19,21,22). To address these challenges, several initiatives have been implemented that focus on the lack of publicly available data on the hazardous properties of chemicals and on the need for greater efficiency in decision making, while enhancing the quality of the risk assessment and the management of chemicals.…”

Section: O R N E L I S J V a N L E E U W E N E U R O P E A N C O mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Reviewed: Meeting the Scientific Needs of Ecological Risk Assessment in a Regulatory Context

Bradbury¹,

Feijtel²,

Leeuwen³

2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

121

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uring the past decade, the field of ecological risk assessment has progressed considerably. Advances have come from such international bodies as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO), and the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) (1-8). Risk assessments have played a critical role in the development of various regulations within the European Commission (EC) as well as in other parts of the world, including the United States, Canada, and Japan (9-17 ). But scientists and regulators are faced with three significant challenges: streamlining the risk-assessment process, quantifying risks in a spatially explicit manner, and acquiring the correct kind of environmental data to enable regulatory programs to effectively focus on future environmental protection activities.

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Evaluation of EU risk assessments existing chemicals (EC Regulation 793/93)

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Levels, distributions and sources of veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Bohai Sea in China and surrounding estuaries

Levels, distributions and sources of veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Bohai Sea in China and surrounding estuaries

Rethinking the role of information in chemicals policy: implications for TSCA and REACH

Peer Reviewed: Meeting the Scientific Needs of Ecological Risk Assessment in a Regulatory Context

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