Evaluation of estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium and lead for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soils

Abstract

The excessive amounts of cadmium and lead in food chain can cause health problems for humans and ecosystem. Rice is an important food in human diet. Therefore this study was conducted in order to investigate cadmium and Lead concentrations in seed rice (Oryza saliva) of paddy fields in southwest of Iran. A total of 70 rice seed samples were collected from paddy fields in five regions of Khuzestan province, Southwest Iran, during harvesting time. In the samples cadmium and Lead concentrations were measured. To assess the daily intake of Cadmium and Lead by rice, daily consumption of rice was calculated. The results showed that average concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in rice seeds were 273.6 and 121.8 μg/kg, respectively. Less than 72% of rice seed samples had Cadmium concentrations above 200 μg/kg (i.e. Guide value for cadmium); and less than 3% had Lead concentrations above 150 μg/kg (i.e. Guide value for Lead). The estimated daily intakes of cadmium by the local population was calculated to 0.59 μg/day kg bw, which corresponds to 59% of the tolerable daily intakes (i.e. 1 μg/day kg bw). Eleven out of 70 samples (15.71%) exceed the tolerable daily intakes. The dietary intakes for Lead in the local population ranged from 0.22 to 0.47 μg/day kg bw. Tolerable daily intakes for Lead is 3.6 μg/day kg bw. As a whole, long term consumption of the local rice may bear high risk of heavy metal exposure to the consumer in the study region.

Trace element concentrations in the apex predator swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from a Mediterranean fishery and risk assessment for consumers

“…To assess the public health risks, these weekly intake were compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). This index shows appropriate safe exposure levels and is used to estimate the amount of contaminants, ingested over a lifetime without appreciable risk (Chamannejadian et al, 2013). The European Food Safety Autority (EFSA) has established regulatory guidelines, the PTWI of Cd and Pb Trace elements concentrations (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) in the muscle tissues of swordfish are shown in Table 2.…”

Using Data Mining to Predict the Concentration of Cadmium in Khuzestan Paddies, Iran

“…Seed and soil samples were analyzed according to the standard laboratory procedures. All measurements and explanations in the current study were provided by the same authors (14). Data sets were analyzed with different software packages.…”

“…Similar researches were also conducted by the same technique such as Gholap and Sanap et al but some recent researches reported different parameters such as the high percentage of lime that can play an important role in the behavior of Cd. Further researches by the same authors should address the relationship between the concentrations of Cd in rice seeds and soil (3,14). Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation; SD, standard deviation; TNV, total neutralizing value.…”

Combined effect of rice genotypes and soil characteristics on iron plaque formation related to Pb uptake by rice in paddy soils

“…The availability of Pb in paddy soil is of increasing concern due to Pb toxicity from human consumption of rice (Chamannejadian et al 2013). The uptake and accumulation of trace elements by plants are governed by both soil and plant factors, and they differ significantly with plant species.…”