Evaluation of Erythrocytes

Harvey, John W.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0173-9.00004-x

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 401 publications

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“…Methemoglobinemia forms when hemoglobin iron is oxidized from ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) to ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) . Methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen and excess accumulation of methemoglobin can lead to cyanosis, impaired aerobic respiration, metabolic acidosis, and death in severe cases .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, 1 ferriheme group in the hemoglobin tetramer causes allosteric interactions that left shift the oxygen‐hemoglobin dissociation curve and decrease release of oxygen at the tissue level. Under normal circumstances in dogs and people, 3% of ferrous hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin daily as a result of exposure to environmental or endogenous oxidants. The cytochrome b5/cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme system in erythrocytes functions to convert methemoglobin back to its reduced, ferrous form .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under normal circumstances in dogs and people, 3% of ferrous hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin daily as a result of exposure to environmental or endogenous oxidants. The cytochrome b5/cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme system in erythrocytes functions to convert methemoglobin back to its reduced, ferrous form . The proteins cytochrome b5 reductase (encoded by CYB5R3 ) and cytochrome b5 (encoded by CYB5A ) make up the cytochrome b5/cytochrome b5 reductase system, which accounts for 99% of daily methemoglobin reduction .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

Jaffey

Harmon

Villani

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A juvenile male mixed breed dog was presented for lethargy, exercise intolerance, and aggression when touched on the head. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed and persisted during oxygen supplementation. Arterial blood gas analysis by co‐oximetry identified an increased methemoglobin concentration (27%; normal, <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. The methemoglobinemia and associated clinical signs resolved after administration of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) IV, and the dog was discharged. The affected dog's whole‐genome sequence contained 2 potentially causal heterozygous CYB5R3 missense mutations suggesting that cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency was responsible for the methemoglobinemia. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzyme analysis that identified cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the affected dog's erythrocytes to only approximately 6% of that in a control sample. Clinical signs recurred 11 days after discharge but normalized and the methemoglobin concentration decreased with methylene blue administration PO (1.5 mg/kg, initially daily and then every other day).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

Jaffey

Harmon

Villani

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) are nucleated erythroid cells normally not present in the peripheral blood of healthy adult dogs except in low percentages . No explanation is available on the mechanism that prevents these cells to reach the peripheral circulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleated erythrocytes in blood smears of dogs undergoing chemotherapy

Moretti

Giordano

Stefanello

et al. 2015

Vet Comparative Oncology

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The frequency of normoblastemia in dogs receiving chemotherapy is unknown. To provide this information, we calculated the percentage and number of nucleated erythrocytes (nRBCs) in blood of dogs treated for lymphoma (n = 284), mast cell tumour (n = 40) or carcinoma (n = 46). Relative normoblastemia (>1 or >5%) and absolute normoblastemia (>0.1 or >0.4 × 10 µL ) were found after administration of vincristine (49.3, 20.5, 42.5, 19.2%, respectively), carboplatin (37.0, 2.2, 34.8, 13.0%), cyclophosphamide (30.8, 7.7, 23.1, 7.7%), doxorubicin (25.0, 8.3, 21.7, 6.7%), vinblastine and prednisone (25.0; 5.0; 22.5; 7.5%). Absolute normoblastemia was very severe (>1.0 × 10 nRBC µL ) after administration of vincristine (9.6%), doxorubicin (3.3%), vinblastine and prednisone (2.5%). Absolute normoblastemia negatively correlated with RBC counts (P < 0.001) and positively (P < 0.001) with reticulocyte and WBC counts, but correlation coefficients were low (-0.19, 0.37, 0.15). Vincristine, doxorubicin or vinblastine and prednisone may induce severe normoblastemia. This may increase WBC counts and mask neutropenia associated with chemotherapy.

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“…This study did not show drying method to have a significant effect on echinocyte scoring. We incorporated a blood smear scoring category for echinocytosis because—although echinocytes can occur in association with many pathologic conditions ( Weiss et al, 1990 ; Harvey, 2012 )—they are often considered a drying artifact until proven otherwise ( Stockham, 2008 ). Artifactual echinocytes are also known as crenated cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different drying methods on smears of canine blood and effusion fluid

Witte¹,

Hebrard

Grimes³

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background Glass slide preparations from a variety of specimens (blood, masses, effusions) are commonly made as part of the diagnostic work-up, however the effects of various drying methods in veterinary practice and diagnostic laboratory settings is not clear. Objective Compare the effects of four drying methods on results of microscopic examination of canine blood smears and direct smears of pleural or peritoneal effusion fluid. Methods Twelve canine blood samples (6 from healthy dogs, 6 from sick dogs) and 6 canine peritoneal or pleural effusion samples. Four smears were prepared from each of the 18 samples and dried using the following methods: air-dry, hair dryer with or without heat, and heat block at 58 °C. Observers, blinded to the drying method, independently reviewed the slides microscopically, using a scoring system to evaluate cell morphology and (for blood smears) echinocyte numbers; scoring results were analyzed statistically. Results For blood smears, several comparisons showed more adverse effects on morphology using the heat block method than for one or more other drying methods. For effusion fluid smears, RBCs dried with the heat block or air-dry methods had more poorly preserved morphology than RBCs dried by the hair dryer method without heat. Conclusions and clinical relevance The results (1) indicate that different drying methods had a significant effect, (2) support using a hair dryer without heat for both blood smears and effusion fluid smears, and (3) discourage using a 58 °C heat block.

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Evaluation of Erythrocytes

Cited by 32 publications

References 401 publications

Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

Nucleated erythrocytes in blood smears of dogs undergoing chemotherapy

Effects of different drying methods on smears of canine blood and effusion fluid

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