Evaluation of EROD and CYP3A4 activities in earthworm Eisenia fetida as biomarkers for soil heavy metal contamination

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

“…128) The concentrationdependent convex profiles (induction at lower concentrations but insignificant change or inhibition at higher ones) were observed for CYP content or EROD activity when the earthworm was exposed to BaP (E. fetida), 129) heavy metals (E. fetida) 116) and chlorpyrifos (Ap. caliginosa).…”

“…The TH activity shows the existence of a CYP3 family in E. fetida. 116) In the microsomal fraction of E. fetida, three CYP isoforms with mol. wts.…”

Long-term toxic effects of deltamethrin and fenvalerante in soil

“…The Induction of CYP3A4 by exogenous compounds metabolism may serve as a useful tool. In our previously studies we have established the method for measurement of p450 and CYP3A4 in worms [20,21], and our further investigation showed that CYP3A4 in earthworm could be induced by heavy metals at low levels [21], which proved the presence and response of cytochrome P450 specific families in soil invertebrates, and made it possible to select CYP3A4 enzyme as a potential biomarker to diagnose the toxicity of pyrethriods pesticides in soil.…”

“…The CYP3A4 was determined as testosterone 6␤-hydroxylase activity [25,26]. The metabolite 6␤-OH-testosterone was measured with HPLC (Waters, USA) as described by Cao et al [21]. The control was prepared and measured as above without addition of the microsomal protein.…”

Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms

“…Using standardized toxicity tests organophosphate pesticides caused a hormetic effect on AChE and CES Fig. 3 Hormetic effectopposite effect of low and high concentrations activity (Hackenberger et al 2008;Hackenberger 2012, 2013b); formalin caused a hormetic effect on AChE activity ); cadmium caused a hormetic effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity ) and on CYP3A4 activity (Cao et al 2012); phenylpryazole and neonicotinoid insecticide caused a hormetic effect on reduction of biomass (Alves et al 2013). Regarding the hormetic response detection under environmentally relevant conditions, in the study of Łaszczyca et al (2004) earthworms were sampled in the environment and biphasic (but statistically insignificant) responses of AChE, CES and CAT activities in earthworms from zinc, lead and cadmium polluted areas were recorded, whereas Velki et al (2014) recorded a hormetic effect of organophosphate pesticides on AChE (and CES) activity using soil microcosmic system.…”