The voltammetry of the reduction desorption of organothiolate molecules in a self-assembled monolayer on a metal surface, first reported by Porter and his coworkers [1,2], has been widely used for diagnosing the adsorbed state of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and for nanometer-scale engineering of SAMs [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. When the electrode covered with a single-component SAM of a thiol derivative is cathodically polarized, typically in an aqueous alkaline solution, a single peak or more complicated multiple peaks appear on the voltammogram. The shape and the location of the peak can be utilized for studying the surface properties of the SAMs. The reductive desorption in an alkaline medium is formally written aswhere RS-M and RS − represent the organothiolate adsorbed on the metal surface and the organothiolate in the solution after the desorption. The actual mechanism of the desorption is, however, more complicated than what is expressed in Eq.(1), as the desorption is a cooperative process where the adsorbed thiolate molecules are tightly packed in a regular array, for example, the ( (111). The shape of the voltammogram is strongly affected by the state of the monolayer, such as the packing density and the magnitude of the lateral interaction between the adsorbed molecules. This means that the electrochemical signal reflects the state of the monolayer; the shape of the voltammogram contains rich information regarding not only the molecular properties of adsorbed thiolates but also those related to the state of the monolayer. Another electrochemical technique employed is chronoamperometry, which usually shows the nucleation and growthtype transients in the timescale of less than a few tenths of a second, depending on the type of desorbing thiolates [7,31,[66][67][68][69], and is therefore suitable for studying the kinetics of desorption. In this chapter, the first part summarizes the fundamental properties of the voltammetry of the reductive desorption of SAMs. The second part introduces a model of the reductive desorption that can account for the salient features of the voltammetry of the reductive desorption. The third part deals with the voltammetry of binary SAMs and its use for studying and engineering the SAMs.
7.5.1
Voltammetry of the Reductive Desorption of SAMs: Experimental Features
Reductive Desorption of Alkanethiolate SAMsThe shape of the voltammograms for the desorption of alkanethiolate SAMs depends on the state of the monolayer. Figure 1 shows cyclic voltammograms recorded in 0.5 mol dm −3 aqueous KOH for the Au(111) electrodes after being immersed in a 1 µmol dm −3 ethanol solution of undecanethiol (UT) for different periods of time. Two humps at −0.6 V and −1 V seen at short immersion times metamorphoses into a single peak at −1.05 V. This change in the shape of the voltammograms reflects the change of the adsorbed state of the UT molecules, which though initially lying flat on the surface, gradually stand Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry. Edited by A.J. Bard and...