Evaluation of Elastic Shear Modulus G in Laboratory Bender Element Test

Effects of Sampling Tube Geometry on Soft Clayey Sample Quality Evaluated by Nondestructive Methods

“…The wave propagated through the sample and was detected by the BE receiver plate at the bottom. The shear wave travel time (Dt ) was deˆned as``start-to-start'' between two instants of the generated wave and theˆrst de‰ection of the received wave (Kawaguchi et al, 2001). The travel distance (L) was deˆned as``tip-to-tip'' distance between the transmitter and the receiver of BE plates (Viggiani and Atkinson, 1995).…”

Elastic Parameters of Intermediate Soils Based on Bender-Extender Elements Pulse Tests

“…According to Viggiani and Atkinson (1995), Lohani et al (1999) and Kawaguchi et al (2001), the travel time corresponding to the peak-to peak distance between the input and output signals might be globally wrong except for high frequency input signals. The di‹culty to establish the peak in the output signal may generate errors mainly for square waves where no clear peak appears, particularly at low frequencies, for which the wave period is large.…”

“…However, the results have been relatively inconsistent. The bender elements technique now extensively used in soil mechanics (e.g., Viggiani and Atkinson, 1995; Brignoli et al, 1996; Fratta and Santamarina, 1996; Fam and Santamarina, 1997; Kawaguchi et al, 2001; Leong et al, 2005) oŠers an e‹cient alternative despite some shortcomings relative to interpretation methods. The most common bender element device was developed by Shirley and Hampton (1977): it allows the propagation of shear waves, with only the shear modulus G directly measurable.…”

Formulation of Gmax from Reconstituted Clayey Soils and its Application to Gmax Measured in the Field

“…can be calculated at measurement of Gvh (Shibuya et al, 1997). The travel time for Gvh by the Bender Element was deˆned as`s tart-to-start'' of the generated and arriving waves (Kawaguchi et al, 2001). …”