Evaluation of Efficacy and Nonrepellency of Indoxacarb and Fipronil-Treated Soil at Various Concentrations and Thicknesses Against Two Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract

The efficacy and nonrepellency of indoxacarb (150 SC, 150 g [AI]/liter) and fipronil (Termidor SC, 9.1% [Al]) against field-collected eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were evaluated for mortality and penetration into treated soil in laboratory glass tube bioassays. Both insecticides were tested at five concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) and two thicknesses (20 and 50 mm) of treated soil. Indoxacarb caused significantly greater mortality than controls at all treatment thicknesses of > or = 10 ppm, but not at 1 ppm. Concentration and treatment thickness of indoxacarb significantly affected termite mortality. Eastern subterranean termites were significantly more susceptible to indoxacarb than Formosan subterranean termites, but there were no intercolony differences in either species. Termites completely penetrated through all treatment thickness of indoxacarb-treated soil at all concentrations, except one of the six Formosan subterranean termite replicates of 50 mm at 50 ppm, when all termites were killed before tunneling through the treated soil. Fipronil resulted in significantly faster and greater termite mortality than indoxacarb at corresponding concentrations. Concentration and treatment thickness of fipronil also significantly affected termite mortality. There was no intercolony difference in susceptibility to either insecticide in either termite. Both termite species completely penetrated 20-mm treatments of all tested fipronil concentrations, as well as 50-mm soil treated with fipronil at < or = 10 ppm. At 50 and 100 ppm fipronil, termites tunneled only a mean of 87 +/- 0.21 and 47 +/- 0.18% deep into 50-mm treated soil, respectively, before death. Both insecticides demonstrated a delayed mode of activity and nonrepellency against the two termite species.

Transfer of indoxacarb among workers of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): effects of dose, donor:recipient ratio and post‐exposure time

“…Dose dependence was also shown in a previous study when varying levels of mortality and speed of death of C. formosanus and R. flavipes were observed over several concentrations of indoxacarb from 10 to 100 mg kg −1 . 18 Shelton and Grace 13 observed a similar phenomenon when C. formosanus donors were exposed to fipronil-or imidacloprid-treated sand (0.1 g AI kg −1 ) for 1 h and placed with recipients at a ratio 1:19. After a 15day interaction, the mean donor mortality was 97.8 or 100%, while the recipient mortality was 38.6 or 61.5%, respectively.…”

“…A previous study of toxicity and barrier efficacy showed that a soil barrier (2 cm) containing 50-100 mg kg −1 indoxacarb killed all tested C. formosanus termites within 21 days and allowed a free and complete penetration of the soil barrier. 18 Although both studies tested groups of termites in laboratory conditions, the results indicate that indoxacarb could be a good candidate as soil insecticide against subterranean termites. Currently, trials are under way to evaluate the effectiveness of indoxacarb for subterranean termite control under field conditions.…”

“…These findings confirmed that indoxacarb at these concentrations was neither detectable nor repellent to C. formosanus. 18 Casual contact among termites or with contaminated substrate in the test arena could be the second mechanism. It was possible for recipients to pick up indoxacarb on cuticles of termites (alive and dead, donors and contaminated recipients) or indoxacarb deposit on substrate in the test arena via casual contact.…”

Antitermitic effect of the Lantana camara plant on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

“…Reticulitermes flavipes were collected from Auburn University campus and C. formosanus from the city of Opelika, Lee County, Alabama in June 2008. The collections were maintained in plastic boxes with moistened corrugated cardboard rolls as food at 24 ± 1 • C and 80% ± 3% RH and were tested within 3 days of collection (Hu, 2005).…”

Evaluation of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides for the Management of Insect Pest Control of Eggplant (&lt;i&gt;Solanum Melongena&lt;/i&gt; L.) and Pesticide Residue Dissipation Pattern

“…Thiacloprid selectively acts on the insect nervous system as an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) [12]. Indoxacarb is a broad-spectrum, contact, low risk pesticide with low mammalian toxicity and a benign profile for avian and aquatic toxicity [13][14][15][16][17][18]. It affects insects from direct exposure to spray droplets and through ingestion of treated foliage or fruit.…”