Evaluation of Effects of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Wax Appearance and Disappearance Temperatures

Experimental measurements and thermodynamic modeling ofwax disappearance temperature for the binary systems n -C 14 H 30 + n -C 16 H 34 , n -C 16 H 34 + n -C 18 H 38 and n -C 11 H 24 + n -C 18 H 38

“…Researchers not only have investigated the effect of different parameters on the WDT and WAT, but also proposed thermodynamic models to accurately predict the thermodynamic behavior of multi-component systems [6,9,12,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. For example, Wang et al [6] measured WAT and WDT of n-C 24 H 50 and n-C 36 H 74 in n-decane solutions both with and without wax inhibitors using light transmittance method. Their results exhibited the effect of inhibitors on the values of WAT and WDT.…”

“…WAT is a key parameter in oil industry because wax crystals will deposit if the temperature is lower than the WAT. The wax disappearance temperature is the temperature at which the last precipitated paraffin re-dissolves in the oil [6]. Wax appearance temperature is not necessarily an equilibrium temperature.…”

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of wax disappearance temperature for n-undecane+n-hexadecane+n-octadecane and n-tetradecane+n-hexadecane+n-octadecane ternary systems

“…The temperature at which the first crystal of paraffin forms is known as wax appearance temperature (WAT) [3]. So, an important step to manage the wax precipitation problem is to be able to predict WAT.…”

“…Wax precipitation leads to the plugging of pipelines and process equipment, increases power requirements, restricts flow line pressure, causes mechanical problems and failure of facilities [1,2]. It can also decrease the rate of oil production to such a low level that it is not economical any more [3]. Considering all the consequences of wax precipitation, billions of dollars are needed to manage these problems in each year [4].…”

Studies on the Influence of Polymeric Additives as Flow Improvers for Waxy Crude Oil

“…Paraffin deposition is responsible for the reduction in production, in terms of maintenance and removal of deposits already formed, increasing the cost of producing and transporting oil products and mainly, causing a number of handling problems in regions where the service temperatures are or become seasonally very low [5,6]. Paraffin deposits have caused formation plugging during stimulation treatment and interfered in low temperature oil pumping [7]. Pour point depressants (PPDs)/flow improvers (FIs) are used as chemical additives when transporting crude oils at temperatures below their wax appearance temperatures (WAT).…”