Evaluation of Effective Factors and its Prevalence on Postpartum Depression Among Women in the City of Qom, Iran

Abstract

IntroductionStudies have shown that women suffer from depression more than men (1). Among different types of depression, postpartum depression is worthy of significant attention because it not only affects mother's health, but also adversely affects growth and psychological evolution of the newborn (2,3). In many women, child birth is a stress-causing factor which is the stimulus for beginning of an acute depression or its recurrence (4). In fact, the period after the childbirth is the transitional period in which mother faces new roles, models, and relations that she has to adapt to (5). On the other hand, since the energy stored in a mother is lost during puerperium due to fatigue, drug effects, maternity duration, problems caused during the maternity process etc., the mother is subjected to emotional and psychological crises, including depression more than any other time (6). Based on criteria described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition), postpartum depression is defined as the depression which occurs at the fourth week after the childbirth. This disorder is specified by signs and symptoms including depressed mood, lack of sense of satisfaction from life, irritability, amnesia, repeated dizziness, physical symptoms, ambivalence, negative feeling about the infant, inability to take care of the child, suicide thoughts (7), decreased self-confidence (8), hopelessness and incompetency, sense of guilt, fear and worthlessness (9). According to the family systems theory, any factor that affects one member of a family and causes disorders in their performance within the family system, would inevitably also affect other members of the family, causing disorder in their behavior and performance (10). Prevalence of depression in husbands of the women suffering from this disorder is 5%-20% greater than others (11). Postpartum depression is one of the most important problems that threaten lives of mother, infant and their family (12). This disorder would result in decreased level of healthy relationship between mother and the infant (13), disorder in the growth of the infant (14,15), decreased level of mother health, permanent depression in the women, problems and conflicts in the marital relationships (16,17), increased obsessive-compulsive thought (18) and inability to carry out maternal and marital duties (19). Depressed mothers have lower sense of responsibility and responsiveness towards their infants and have complicated AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of factors affecting postpartum depression in women in the city of Qom, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a survey research. The research population included all women who were within 4 weeks postpartum and referred to health centers in Qom. The sample consisted of 120 subjects who were selected by convenience sampling method. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression was the research tool. Once collected, the data were extracted and analyzed using SPSS software and t test. Result...

Relationship Between Oxidative Stress Concentration and Postpartum Depression: A Cohort Study

“…In the studies conducted in Iran, postpartum depression has shown a high prevalence. For instance, in research by Sadat et al (9) and Habibzadeh et al (10), the prevalence of this disease was reported as 39% and 27%, respectively. Postpartum depression can be accompanied by a decrease in mothers' activities and disturbance in the relationship between mother, child, and family.…”

Does Cesarean Section Increase the Risk of Postpartum Depression? A Systematic Literature Review

“…Analysis of the relationship between the method of delivery and postpartum depression was obtained from 21 literatures that have been reviewed. 13 literatures stated that the delivery method is significantly related to the incidence of postpartum depression (Xie et al, 2011;Smorti et al, 2019;Yokoyama et al, 2021;Nelson et al, 2013;Sylvén et al, 2017;Deng et al, 2014;Taherifad et al, 2013;Al Nasr et al, 2020;Meky et al, 2020;Kim & Dee, 2018;Jadoon et al, 2020;Mathisen et al, 2013;Ariyanti et al, 2016), while eight other literatures state that delivery method is not associated with the incidence of postpartum depression (Alharbi et al, 2014;Suhitaran et al, 2019;Duma et al, 2020;Sadat et al, 2014;Cirik et al, 2016;Kaya et al, 2019;Habibzadeh et al, 2016).…”

“…Eight literatures reported that delivery method is not associated with postpartum depression (Alharbi et al, 2014;Suhitaran et al, 2019;Eckerdal et al, 2018;Duma et al, 2020;Sadat et al, 2014;Cirik et al, 2016;Kaya et al, 2019;Habibzadeh et al, 2016). This because mode of delivery does not directly affect postpartum depression but there are other psychological factors from the mother such as a history of depression, depression during pregnancy, and a family history of depression that actually has an impact on postpartum depression.…”

Postpartum depression and its relationship with the positive and negative perfectionism

“…[ 3 ] Studies indicate that PPD has a high prevalence in the Middle East[ 3 ] and its prevalence in Iran has been reported between 7% and over 60%. [ 4 5 ] Women experience this disease mostly with symptoms such as low mood, anorexia, sleep disorder, feeling sad, suicidal thoughts, low sex drive, lack of enjoyment in life, negative thoughts, and guilt. [ 6 7 ]…”