Evaluation of dynamics of forehead skin temperature under induced drowsiness

Abstract

Drowsiness is one of the leading causes of traffic accidents. A technique for fast and easy measurement of the level of drowsiness is desirable. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the dynamics of forehead skin temperature (FHT) under induced drowsiness. With a precursory change associated with drowsiness from the FHT, which is a noninvasive measurement, drowsiness can be detected at an early stage and, possibly, traffic accidents can be prevented. In this study, the measured FHTs were categorized into five drowsiness levels according to facial expressions (Level 1 is awake and Level 5 is extremely drowsy). In an experiment, the thermoregulation process of drowsiness was represented by a decrease in the total peripheral resistance, elevation of the nasal skin temperature, and decline in the tympanum temperature. The experimental results showed a significant decrease in FHT for drowsiness Levels 3–5 compared to the rest state (Mann–Whitney U‐test, p < 0.01). Because FHT did not increase in accordance with the process for nasal skin temperature, FHT could represent both skin and core temperatures. The results suggest that FHT can be an indicator for predicting drowsiness. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thermal Infrared Imaging-Based Affective Computing and Its Application to Facilitate Human Robot Interaction: A Review

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“…Then, the extracted breathing signal was converted in a two-dimensional spectrogram by stacking the Power Spectral Density (PSD) vector of a short-time-window respiration signal over time. Since the PSD function handles the short-time autocorrelation that identifies similarities between neighboring signal patterns, it can be used to examine respiration variations in a short period [65]. The breathing signal was also investigated through the use of a mobile thermal camera by Ruminski et al, who embedded such a camera in smart glasses [84].…”

A Comprehensive Survey of Driving Monitoring and Assistance Systems

“…The ST measurement methods measure the temperature of the skin surface which varies with the level of drowsiness. In [100], for example, five levels of drowsiness are described by measuring the temperature of nasal skin, forehead temperature, and tympanum temperature. The first two measurements are based on ST, whereas the last measurement represents the core temperature of the human body (i.e., the working temperature of the body organs).…”

Anomaly detection in facial skin temperature using variational autoencoder

“…There are many studies that try to solve such the issues by methods such as pattern identification. For example, studies have been reported to estimate human emotions [5][6][7][8], drowsiness [9][10][11], mental stress [12], etc. In contrast to the preceding argument, it is impossible to make a machine that can discriminate all infinite physiological and psychological states.…”