Evaluation of dual flow counter-current chromatography and intermittent counter-current extraction

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Naringenin

“…(88) Using naringenin as a sample, two continuous extraction techniques, intermittent counter-current extraction and dual flow counter-current chromatography were developed and their advantages and disadvantages were identified, in terms of loading and throughput using the GUESSmix (GUESSmix is comprised of 21 natural products of varying polarity, molecular weight, and functional groups). (89) The HPLC enantioselective separation of (R/S)-naringenin, a chiral flavonoid found in several fruits juices has been performed on both analytical and (semi)-preparative scale using an amylose derived Chiralpak AD chiral stationary phase. (90) Five flavonoid including naringenin from Drynaria fortunei were isolated in another study.…”

Steady state preparative multiple dual mode counter-current chromatography: Productivity and selectivity. Theory and experimental verification

“…The MDM CCC differs from the ICCC in sample loading conditions: in the MDM CCC the sample is injected at the beginning of the column [9][10][11][12][18][19][20]. The productivity of the MDM CCC technique may be increased by the sample re-injection between each of the dual-mode steps as first proposed by Delannay et al [20].…”

“…In cyclic DM CCC processes (intermittent counter-current extraction (ICCE), intermittent CCC (ICCC) and multiple dual-mode CCC (MDM CCC)), the separation consists of a succession of two isocratic counter-current steps carried out in series alternating between normal phase and reversed phase operation. In ICCE, the sample is continuously introduced at the middle of the column or between two columns [10,12,13,16,17]; after several cycles, the concentration profiles of solutes eluted with both phases become constant. In ICCC, in contrast to ICCE, the sample is injected into the column during a short time, and the separation is non-steady state [10,22].…”

“…A general and distinctive feature of counter-current chromatography (CCC) separation processes is the mobility of both phases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], which allowed to develop and implement various dual-mode (DM) operating schemes, where both phases are countercurrently moving through a chromatographic column [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. As is well known, the separation power of the countercurrent processes is much higher than that of conventional chromatography processes, as they require a much smaller number of theoretical plates to solve separation problems.…”

Modeling of closed-loop recycling liquid–liquid chromatography: Analytical solutions and model analysis

“…The mobility of both phases in CCC allows the implementing of cyclic dual-mode counter-current processes, in which the CCC separation consists of a succession of two isocratic counter-current steps and is carried out in series alternating between normal phase and reversed phase operation, each phase eluting alternately through the opposite ends of the column [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The sample is fed at the beginning [8,[10][11][12][13][14] or into the middle section [3][4][5][6][7] of a column and moves forward and back with the phases inside the column. This shuttle movement of the sample actually corresponds to an increase in length of the column, which requires no increase in the column inlet pressure.…”