Abstract:Background
Continuous long-term electrocardiography monitoring has been increasingly recognized for early diagnosis and management of different types of cardiovascular diseases. To find an alternative to Ag/AgCl gel electrodes that are improper for this application scenario, many efforts have been undertaken to develop novel flexible dry textile electrodes integrated into the everyday garments. With significant progresses made to address the potential issues (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, hi… Show more
“…For a more details, look into the range of frequencies assessed (1, 10, 100, 1 K, and 10 KHz) and please refer to our prior study. 44 During impedance testing, coatings 9 and 10 were found to be abrasive and uncomfortable for the skin. As a result, these coatings did not advance to phase 3.Figure 5.Mean relative signal-to-noise ratio (rSNR).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The process flow detailing material selection for the electrodes in this study can be found in a prior study by the same team, assessing the electrode properties on an agar skin model. 44 Knitted electrodes were tested with and without screen-printed polymer coating. Knitted electrodes were produced using an 18-gauge flatbed knitting machine (CMS-ADF, Stoll, Germany) using either 200 denier silver or 640 denier carbon yarn.…”
Introduction In recent years, electromyography (EMG) has been increasingly studied for wearable applications. Conventional gel electrodes for electrophysiological recordings have limited use in everyday applications such as prosthetic control or muscular therapy at home. This study investigates the efficacy and feasibility of dry-contact electrode materials employed in smart textiles for EMG recordings. Methods Dry-contact electrode materials were selected and implemented on textile substrates. Using these electrodes, EMG was recorded from the forearm of able-bodied subjects. 25% and 50% isometric maximum voluntary contractions were captured. A comparative investigation was performed against gel electrodes, assessing the effect of material properties on signal fidelity and strength compared. Results When isolating for electrode surface area and pressure, 31 of the 40 materials demonstrated strong positive correlations in their mean PSD with gel electrodes (r > 95, p < 0.001). The inclusion of ionic liquids in the material composition, and using raised or flat electrodes, did not demonstrate a significant effect in signal quality. Conclusions For EMG dry-contact electrodes, comparing the performance against gel electrodes for the application with the selected material is important. Other factors recommended to be studied are electrodes’ durability and long-term stability.
“…For a more details, look into the range of frequencies assessed (1, 10, 100, 1 K, and 10 KHz) and please refer to our prior study. 44 During impedance testing, coatings 9 and 10 were found to be abrasive and uncomfortable for the skin. As a result, these coatings did not advance to phase 3.Figure 5.Mean relative signal-to-noise ratio (rSNR).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The process flow detailing material selection for the electrodes in this study can be found in a prior study by the same team, assessing the electrode properties on an agar skin model. 44 Knitted electrodes were tested with and without screen-printed polymer coating. Knitted electrodes were produced using an 18-gauge flatbed knitting machine (CMS-ADF, Stoll, Germany) using either 200 denier silver or 640 denier carbon yarn.…”
Introduction In recent years, electromyography (EMG) has been increasingly studied for wearable applications. Conventional gel electrodes for electrophysiological recordings have limited use in everyday applications such as prosthetic control or muscular therapy at home. This study investigates the efficacy and feasibility of dry-contact electrode materials employed in smart textiles for EMG recordings. Methods Dry-contact electrode materials were selected and implemented on textile substrates. Using these electrodes, EMG was recorded from the forearm of able-bodied subjects. 25% and 50% isometric maximum voluntary contractions were captured. A comparative investigation was performed against gel electrodes, assessing the effect of material properties on signal fidelity and strength compared. Results When isolating for electrode surface area and pressure, 31 of the 40 materials demonstrated strong positive correlations in their mean PSD with gel electrodes (r > 95, p < 0.001). The inclusion of ionic liquids in the material composition, and using raised or flat electrodes, did not demonstrate a significant effect in signal quality. Conclusions For EMG dry-contact electrodes, comparing the performance against gel electrodes for the application with the selected material is important. Other factors recommended to be studied are electrodes’ durability and long-term stability.
“…Conjugated polymer-based hydrogels with mixed electronic and ionic conductivities also reduce the interfacial impedance at frequencies below 1 kHz (ref. 98 ).…”
Section: Towards Mucosa-interfacing Electronicsmentioning
The surface mucosa that lines many of our organs houses myriad biometric signals and, therefore, has great potential as a sensor–tissue interface for high-fidelity and long-term biosensing. However, progress is still nascent for mucosa-interfacing electronics owing to challenges with establishing robust sensor–tissue interfaces; device localization, retention and removal; and power and data transfer. This is in sharp contrast to the rapidly advancing field of skin-interfacing electronics, which are replacing traditional hospital visits with minimally invasive, real-time, continuous and untethered biosensing. This Review aims to bridge the gap between skin-interfacing electronics and mucosa-interfacing electronics systems through a comparison of the properties and functions of the skin and internal mucosal surfaces. The major physiological signals accessible through mucosa-lined organs are surveyed and design considerations for the next generation of mucosa-interfacing electronics are outlined based on state-of-the-art developments in bio-integrated electronics. With this Review, we aim to inspire hardware solutions that can serve as a foundation for developing personalized biosensing from the mucosa, a relatively uncharted field with great scientific and clinical potential.
“…Hydrated and ionic materials such as deformable and tough ionic hydrogels have been regarded as one of the most ideal stretchable materials for electronic applications because of their excellent biocompatibility, − high stretchability, high electrical conductivity, and tunable mechanical properties (e.g., toughness, stretchability, and elasticity). , Thus, ionic hydrogels have been applied to developing a variety of stretchable sensors and electronics, including pressure sensors, − strain sensors, touchpads, , robotic skins, and TENGs . Because ionic hydrogels are solid-like, soft, highly stretchable, transparent, and biocompatible, ionic hydrogel-based TENGs show great potential as the power source for wearable electronics and soft robotics.…”
The rapid development of stretchable
electronics and soft robotics
requires a sustainable power source that can match their mechanical
stretchability in various working environments. Ionic hydrogel-based
soft triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show great promise for those
application scenarios. However, ionic hydrogel-based TENGs suffer
from the freezing issue under subzero temperatures. In this study,
a low-cost, highly stretchable, and antifreezing ionic triboelectric
nanogenerator (iTENG) is designed to involve a dielectric elastomer
and a freeze-tolerant ionic hydrogel as the electrification layer
and the electrode, respectively. The iTENG design achieves a unique
combination of merits such as robust hydrogel–elastomer bonding,
high stretchability (300%), and excellent tolerance of extremely low
temperature (down to −53 °C). Because of the reliable
interfacial bonding, the iTENG shows a good mechanical durability
under different stretching conditions. The iTENG can harvest mechanical
energies from various human motions and can also serve as a self-powered
wearable sensor in both regular and extremely cold environments. The
stretchable iTENG overcomes the strain-induced performance degradation
of existing stretchable materials with percolated conductive fillers
and the water freezing-induced degradation of conductive ionic hydrogels,
providing a feasible design of stretchable and sustainable power sources
for stretchable electronics and soft robotics operating in harsh environments.
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