Evaluation of drag coefficients under medicane conditions: Coupling waves, sea spray and surface friction

Rizza, Umberto; Canepa, Elisa; Miglietta, Mario Marcello; Passerini, G.; Morichetti, Mauro; Mancinelli, Enrico; Virgili, Simone; Besio, Giovanni; Leo, Francesco De; Mazzino, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105207

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…For instance, we need more studies on three-way atmosphere-ocean-wave coupling to understand and better forecast the fine-scale dynamics of cyclones and their consequent impacts on coastal areas and shipping. In the same context, aerosol-aware microphysics parameterisations, including sea salt emissions, are also important since they affect the intensity of cyclones and the consequent precipitation (Pravia-Sarabia et al, 2021;Rizza et al, 2018bRizza et al, , 2021Varlas et al, 2021). Such efforts will evolve to a full-scale modelling framework that can address a wide range of coupled processes with substantial applications to numerical weather prediction.…”

Section: Understanding Coupled Processes In Mediterranean Cyclonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean cyclones: current knowledge and open questions on dynamics, prediction, climatology and impacts

Flaounas

Davolio

Raveh‐Rubin

et al. 2022

Weather Clim. Dynam.

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Abstract. A large number of intense cyclones occur every year in the Mediterranean basin, one of the climate change hotspots. Producing a broad range of severe socio-economic and environmental impacts in such a densely populated region, Mediterranean cyclones call for coordinated and interdisciplinary research efforts. This article aims at supporting these efforts by reviewing the status of knowledge in the broad field of Mediterranean cyclones. First, we focus on the climatology of Mediterranean cyclone tracks, their relationship to large-scale atmospheric circulation and their future trends. Second, we discuss the dynamics and atmospheric processes that govern the genesis and development of Mediterranean cyclones. Then, we present the different subtypes of Mediterranean cyclones, devoting special attention to medicanes, i.e. cyclones with tropical characteristics and subjects of numerous recent studies. In a subsequent section, we review the state of the art in forecasting cyclones and relevant high-impact weather, and we discuss in detail the challenges and recent efforts to increase their forecast skill. Finally, we discuss the main impacts produced by cyclones, namely heavy precipitation, windstorms, dust transport, storm surges and sea wave extremes. In the last section of this review article, we thoroughly outline the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones.

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Section: Understanding Coupled Processes In Mediterranean Cyclonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean cyclones: current knowledge and open questions on dynamics, prediction, climatology and impacts

Flaounas

Davolio

Raveh‐Rubin

et al. 2022

Weather Clim. Dynam.

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“…Andreas et al [5] suggested that the sea spray-induced heat fluxes account for more than 10% of the total air-sea heat fluxes once the wind speed is beyond 12 m s −1 . However, although significant, the sea spray mechanism is still largely missing in present-day operational TC forecasting models [6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Parameterizations on Air–Sea–Wave Coupled Modeling under an Idealized Tropical Cyclone

Voermans

Liu

et al. 2021

JMSE

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While sea spray can significantly impact air–sea heat fluxes, the effect of spray produced by the interaction of wind and waves is not explicitly addressed in current operational numerical models. In the present work, the thermal effects of the sea spray were investigated for an idealized tropical cyclone (TC) through the implementation of different sea spray models into a coupled air–sea–wave numerical system. Wave-Reynolds-dependent and wave-steepness-dependent sea spray models were applied to test the sensitivity of local wind, wave, and ocean fields of this TC system. Results show that while the sensible heat fluxes decreased by up to 231 W m−2 (364%) and 159 W m−2 (251%), the latent heat fluxes increased by up to 359 W m−2 (89%) and 263 W m−2 (76%) in the simulation period, respectively. This results in an increase of the total heat fluxes by up to 135 W m−2 (32%) and 123 W m−2 (30%), respectively. Based on different sea spray models, sea spray decreases the minimum sea level pressure by up to 7 hPa (0.7%) and 8 hPa (0.8%), the maximum wind speed increases by up to 6.1 m s−1 (20%) and 5.7 m s−1 (19%), the maximum significant wave height increases by up to 1.1 m (17%) and 1.6 m (25%), and the minimum sea surface temperature decreases by up to 0.2 °C (0.8%) and 0.15 °C (0.6%), respectively. As the spray has such significant impacts on atmospheric and oceanic environments, it needs to be included in TC forecasting models.

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“…It considers five dust size bins, with a mean effective radius of 0.55, 1.4, 2.4, 4.5, and 8 μm. A detailed description of this emission scheme is provided by LeGrand et al [ 56 ], Ukhov et al [ 57 ], and Rizza et al [ 36 , 58 ]. It is important to remark that, in this parameterization, the dust emission is controlled by the saltation of larger particles (50–100 μm) that are triggered by the wind shear at the surface, leading to the emission of smaller particles with a radius in the range of 1–10 μm by saltation bombardment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Assessment of Ambient PM2.5 Levels during a Sequence of Dust Episodes: A Case Study Coupling the WRF-Chem Model with GIS-Based Postprocessing

Mancinelli

Avolio

Morichetti

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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A sequence of dust intrusions occurred from the Sahara Desert to the central Mediterranean in the second half of June 2021. This event was simulated by means of the Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) regional chemical transport model (CTM). The population exposure to the dust surface PM2.5 was evaluated with the open-source quantum geographical information system (QGIS) by combining the output of the CTM with the resident population map of Italy. WRF-Chem analyses were compared with spaceborne aerosol observations derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and, for the PM2.5 surface dust concentration, with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis. Considering the full-period (17–24 June) and area-averaged statistics, the WRF-Chem simulations showed a general underestimation for both the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the PM2.5 surface dust concentration. The comparison of exposure classes calculated for Italy and its macro-regions showed that the dust sequence exposure varies with the location and entity of the resident population amount. The lowest exposure class (up to 5 µg m−3) had the highest percentage (38%) of the population of Italy and most of the population of north Italy, whereas more than a half of the population of central, south and insular Italy had been exposed to dust PM2.5 in the range of 15–25 µg m−3. The coupling of the WRF-Chem model with QGIS is a promising tool for the management of risks posed by extreme pollution and/or severe meteorological events. Specifically, the present methodology can also be applied for operational dust forecasting purposes, to deliver safety alarm messages to areas with the most exposed population.

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Evaluation of drag coefficients under medicane conditions: Coupling waves, sea spray and surface friction

Cited by 18 publications

References 70 publications

Mediterranean cyclones: current knowledge and open questions on dynamics, prediction, climatology and impacts

Mediterranean cyclones: current knowledge and open questions on dynamics, prediction, climatology and impacts

Impacts of the Wave-Dependent Sea Spray Parameterizations on Air–Sea–Wave Coupled Modeling under an Idealized Tropical Cyclone

Exposure Assessment of Ambient PM2.5 Levels during a Sequence of Dust Episodes: A Case Study Coupling the WRF-Chem Model with GIS-Based Postprocessing

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