Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis

Katila, Terttu

doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2016.06.002

Cited by 47 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…While equine endometritis has been a widely studied disease in the past 40 years and elegant reviews have been published on the subject [22][23][24][25][26][27], much progress has been made in the last decade towards the understanding of the molecular aspects involved in PBIE and pathways downor up-regulated in response to experimental induction and treatment [17,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Therefore, this manuscript aims to revise the clinical, molecular, and microbiological aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of endometritis in mares.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares—A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology

Canisso

Segabinazzi

Fedorka

2020

IJMS

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Post-breeding endometritis (i.e., inflammation/infection of the endometrium), is a physiological reaction taking place in the endometrium of mares within 48 h post-breeding, aimed to clear seminal plasma, excess sperm, microorganisms, and debris from the uterine lumen in preparation for the arrival of an embryo. Mares are classified as susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) based on their ability to clear this inflammation/infection by 48 h post-breeding. Mares susceptible to PBIE, or those with difficulty clearing infection/inflammation, have a deficient immune response and compromised physical mechanisms of defense against infection. Molecular pathways of the innate immune response known to be involved in PBIE are discussed herein. The role of the adaptive uterine immune response on PBIE remains to be elucidated in horses. Advances in the pathobiology of microbes involved in PBIE are also revised here. Traditional and non-traditional therapeutic modalities for endometritis are contrasted and described in the context of clinical and molecular aspects. In recent years, the lack of efficacy of traditional therapeutic modalities, alongside the ever-increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, has enforced the development of non-traditional therapies. Novel biological products capable of modulating the endometrial inflammatory response are also discussed here as part of the non-traditional therapies for endometritis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares—A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology

Canisso

Segabinazzi

Fedorka

2020

IJMS

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“…The clinical signs of CIE may be very subtle and microorganisms may not be found in every case. For such cases the term subclinical endometritis is used accordingly ( 4 , 10 ). The present study focusses on CIE as well as PBIE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several diagnostic methods have been described for the examination of endometritis. They can be divided into two steps: clinical examination including transrectal palpation and ultrasonography on the one hand, and sampling of the uterus via biopsy, swab, cytobrush, or low-volume lavage on the other hand ( 10 ). Whereas, an accumulation of intrauterine fluid (IUF) can be detected reliably via ultrasonography, thus enabling the veterinarian to diagnose acute endometritis ( 11 ), the underlying cause for IUF cannot be determined with certainty hereby.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas, an accumulation of intrauterine fluid (IUF) can be detected reliably via ultrasonography, thus enabling the veterinarian to diagnose acute endometritis ( 11 ), the underlying cause for IUF cannot be determined with certainty hereby. To this end, sampling techniques in conjunction with bacteriological, cytological and histological examinations are applied ( 10 ). Since each diagnostic tool has advantages and disadvantages, all of them are performed in practice ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis—A Questionnaire

et al. 2020

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Endometritis is a major cause for impaired fertility in mares. The objectives of this study were to collect information on diagnostic and treatment practices performed by veterinarians and to investigate possible effects of professional experience, caseload, and geographical location on the practitioners' management of endometritis cases. For this purpose, equine practitioners ( n = 680) were asked to fill out an online survey (34 questions). The online survey yielded 117 responses by veterinarians practicing in all parts of Germany. Most respondents came from Lower Saxony and managed <20 mares per year. For the diagnosis of chronic infectious endometritis, uterine sampling for microbiological examination was performed manually with a swab by the majority of practitioners whereas only few used the speculum technique. The incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogens was reported to be <5% by almost all respondents. Most practitioners relied on systemic antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Only occasionally veterinarians used intrauterine antibiotic therapy. Uterine lavages were performed routinely by almost half of the respondents in case of positive uterine cultures, mostly with 0.9% saline solution. Irritant solutions (e.g., iodine, chlorhexidine, kerosene) were used less often. Collection of an endometrial culture after completion of the treatment was common practice. While only a very limited association of the geographical location of practitioner (e.g., on selection of mares for endometrial culture, p < 0.05) was observed, the number of managed mares affected the answers notably (e.g., for use of irritating intrauterine treatment, p < 0.05). The management of persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE) was influenced by the number of managed mares (e.g., for use of oxytocin, p < 0.05) and 29.6% of respondents administered antibiotics as part of their PBIE management. In summary, treatment strategies in the field vary considerably and include also non-evidence-based methods, but most German practitioners apply the recommended suitable treatments. Following the guidelines for antibiotic usage, most veterinarians administer antibiotics dependent on endometrial culture results but do not use cytology, low-volume lavage, or biopsy routinely. Antibiotic resistant uterine pathogens are reported to be isolated infrequently and equine practitioners prefer systemic to local antibiotic treatment of endometritis.

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“…Postpartum uterine disease in animals, which is usually caused by persisting bacterial contamination of the uterine lumen, is the major cause of infertility in cows, mares and sows (Albihn, et al, 2003;Sheldon and Dobson, 2004;Sheldon, et al, 2006;Jana, et al, 2014). The most commonly occurring postpartum uterine diseases in domestic animals can be classified as metritis, endometritis and pyometra (Abiven, et al, 1998;Sheldon, et al, 2006;Katila, 2016). Endometritis is one of the major postpartum uterine diseases of females and is considered as the leading cause of infertility and economic loss in the cattle, equine and swine breeding industries (Beutler, et al, 2003;Sheldon, et al, 2006;LeBlanc and Causey, 2009;Canisso, et al, 2016;Wang, et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TREM‐1 deficiency attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS‐induced murine endometritis

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2019

Microbial Biotechnology

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Summary Endometritis, which is usually caused by bacterial infection, is characterized by high levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a high infertility rate. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐1 (TREM‐1) has been recognized as a potent amplifier of inflammatory reactions. Studies have demonstrated reduced inflammatory responses and mortality rates of animals with bacterial infection due to the blocking of TREM‐1 expression. However, whether TREM‐1 deficiency could alleviate the inflammatory reaction in bacterial endometritis is still unclear. Here, TREM‐1 knock‐out (Trem‐1−/−) mice were used to inhibit TREM‐1 signalling to evaluate its role in inflammatory reactions after a highly pathogenic LPS infection in mice uteri. The results demonstrated that TREM‐1 deficiency attenuated the inflammation in mice uteri; markedly reduced the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils; and suppressed interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations in serum as well as their production in inflamed uteri after LPS stimulation. Our results illustrate an anticipated pathogenic impact of TREM‐1 on endometritis during LPS infection and indicate that blocking of TREM‐1 in LPS‐induced endometritis holds considerable promise for blunting excessive inflammation.

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Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis

Cited by 47 publications

References 38 publications

Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares—A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology

Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares—A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology

Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis—A Questionnaire

TREM‐1 deficiency attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS‐induced murine endometritis

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