Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposure in humans.

Lévesque, Benoît; Ayotte, Pierre; LeBlanc, Alain; Dewailly, Éric; Prud’homme, Denis; Lavoie, R; Allaire, Sylvain; Levallois, Patrick

doi:10.1289/ehp.102-1567469

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…The first postexposure breath samples were collected from both subjects at 1 and Environmental Health Perspectives * Volume 105, Number 6, June 1997 (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) which suggest that the dermal contribution to total body burden during swimming is at most 24% (15). But in contrast to these previous studies, the subjects in this experiment were totally immersed in the warm pool water (=840F) with near maximum sustainable heart rates for the entire 2-hr period.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training.

Lindstrom

Pleil

Berkoff

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Al-eolar breath samplingwas used to asess trihalometne (THM) pg/l. The mean blood levels in the agonistic swimmers were significantly higher than those in the nonagonistic swimmers and the nonswimming observers. Moreover, blood chloroform levels were significantly correlated with water and air concentrations, the number of swimmers in the pool, and the time an individual swimmer spent in the pool. The overall intensity of the physical activity was also correlated with blood chloroform levels. In a follow-up study, Aggazzotti et al. (13) collected alveolar breath samples from swimmers after a 90 min swim session. They found median alveolar breath chloroform at 83 pg/m3 (range 13.9-311 pg/m3), and they determined that postswim chloroform in breath was strongly influenced by environmental air chloroform levels, age, intensity of sporting activity, and the type of swimming.Weisel and Shepard (14) also used exhaled breath measurements to examine chloroform exposures associated with recreational swimming. They found that after a routinized 30-min exposure period, breath elimination of chloroform was rapid, but it could not be fitted to the conventional multicompartment exponential decay models that have been previously used to describe

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mentioning

confidence: 73%

Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training.

Lindstrom

Pleil

Berkoff

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Approximately 25% of our study population had contact with water through swimming. Although swimmers went to the pool only once weekly or less, their average time in the pool was over 1 h and thus could have contributed to dermal and inhalation exposure (Aggazzotti et al, 1993;Levesque et al, 1994 ). Assessment of potential exposure through hot tubs and spas was not evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to tap water during pregnancy

Zender

Bachand

Reif

2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Studies of disinfection byproducts ( DBPs ) in drinking water and risk of adverse reproductive outcome have usually relied on approximate measures of exposure. Individual differences in consumption of bottled or filtered water, variability in tap water consumption at home and at work, dermal and inhalation exposure to volatile contaminants, and changes in residency during pregnancy may lead to exposure misclassification. We characterized exposures to tap water and other risk factors among 71 pregnant and 43 non -pregnant women attending public health clinics. Nearly all residences had a municipal water source, but 25% of women drank filtered or bottled water. Fifty percent of the women in our sample reported working outside the home where, on average, one third of their daily water intake took place. Pregnant women consumed more water than non -pregnant women ( 3.4 vs. 3.0 total l / day ) , especially cold tap water at home ( 1.8 vs. 1.3 l / day, 95% CI for the difference = 0.1, 0.9 ) . Patterns of showering were similar for both groups of women, but pregnant women were more likely to bathe and to bathe more frequently. The prevalence of smoking was lower among pregnant women ( 22.5% vs. 32.6% ) , as was the consumption of alcohol ( 4.2% vs. 53.5%, 95% CI for the difference = À 64.9, À 33.7 ) . Thirty -two percent of women had moved during their current pregnancy. The data reaffirm the importance of collecting individual -level data for water consumption and exposure to potential confounders to avoid misclassification bias. This study is the first to target women of low socio -economic status ( SES ) and therefore of particular interest in studies of adverse reproductive outcomes for which this group is at increased risk.

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“…Some work has been done in developing biomarkers for THMs in blood (28)(29)(30) and exhaled breath (31)(32)(33) and HAAs in urine (33)(34)(35). The studies on HAAs in urine (33-35) involved a crosssectional sampling design that precluded evaluation of intraindividual variability and limited the assessment of interindividual variability.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: report from an international workshop.

Arbuckle

Hrudey

Krasner

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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The inability to accurately assess exposure has been one of the major shortcomings of epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. A number of contributing factors include a) limited information on the identity, occurrence, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of the many DBPs that can be formed from chlorine, chloramine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide disinfection; b) the complex chemical interrelationships between DBPs and other parameters within a municipal water distribution system; and c) difficulties obtaining accurate and reliable information on personal activity and water consumption patterns. In May 2000, an international workshop was held to bring together various disciplines to develop better approaches for measuring DBP exposure for epidemiologic studies. The workshop reached consensus about the clear need to involve relevant disciplines (e.g., chemists, engineers, toxicologists, biostatisticians and epidemiologists) as partners in developing epidemiologic studies of DBPs in drinking water. The workshop concluded that greater collaboration of epidemiologists with water utilities and regulators should be encouraged in order to make regulatory monitoring data more useful for epidemiologic studies. Similarly, exposure classification categories in epidemiologic studies should be chosen to make results useful for regulatory or policy decision making.

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Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposure in humans.

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training.

Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training.

Exposure to tap water during pregnancy

Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: report from an international workshop.

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