Evaluation of defects in panel paintings using infrared, optical and ultrasonic techniques

Holographic Interferometry (HI), Infrared Vision and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy for the assessment of painted wooden statues: a new integrated approach

“…If the analytical procedure does not alter such a specimen, it is said to be nondestructive. Nevertheless, the process of taking a specimen from an object may be a destructive step, or much better a micro-destructive step if, as in the present case, only two micro-parts already detached from the cedar support (due to the craquelure process - Figure 1c), were removed [38]. This procedure is acceptable from the view-point of an art historian or conservator, and suitable for the chemical analysis.…”

“…In fact, due to the sensitivity to surface deformations, the technique can be used to gain meaningful information with regards to the structural characteristics of an artwork, by observing the surface movements produced when it is subjected to a mild stressing force. As such it offers the potential for inspection problems where the defect of interest can be made manifest as an anomaly in an otherwise regular interferometric fringe pattern; the stressing technique must be devised is such a way that the anomalies induce detectable perturbations in the surface deformation [26], [38]. However, the temperature rise was maintained below the fluctuations of the ambient temperature (∆T = 6.1 °C, see Table 1).…”

Design and analysis of computer experiments for efficient model-based active thermography in the agro-food sector

“…The two main types are pulsed thermography, in which a heat pulse is applied to the sample surface, and lock-in thermography, in which sinusoidal thermal waves are emitted by the excitation source [3]. AT is being studied intensively in several domains, such as building diagnostics [4], inspection of automotive and airplane parts [5], medical screening [6], inspection of artwork and historical monuments [7], etc. Several defect types can be detected, such as delaminations, cracks, voids and foreign material inclusions [3].…”

Speckle interferometry in the long-wave infrared for combining holography and thermography in a single sensor: applications to nondestructive testing: The FANTOM Project

“…The resulting flux is related to the temperature of the object or scene observed. HI/ESPI and thermography are often used in combination because they give complementary information, mainly in the field of defect detection [3][4][5] [6] . Nevertheless in such cases, separate devices with their own imaging systems are used.…”