Evaluation of data concerning the necessity of bromoxynil as herbicide to control a serious danger to plant health which cannot be contained by other available means, including non‐chemical methods

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5391

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“…Bromoxynil was approved during the study period in 2019 and 2020 but its approval expired (31/07/2021) due to a high risk for wild mammals from dietary exposures as well as for child residents (EC, 2020 ). In 2019, between 25 and 100 t of bromoxynil were sold in Germany (BVL 2020 ) for spraying it against broadleaved weeds (post-emergence) for miscanthus, alfalfa, red clover, grass (propagation), maize, and sorghum (EFSA 2018 ). Interestingly, bromoxynil contamination was significantly higher in terrestrial raptors (BUBT, MIML, CIPY) from North Rhine-Westphalia compared to those from North-Eastern Germany (Figure SI-3 ), which might be related to the intensive maize farming in, e.g., the Soester Börde and surrounding regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variation of rodenticides and emerging contaminants in blood of raptor nestlings from Germany

Badry

Schenke

Brücher

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Wildlife exposures to pest controlling substances have resulted in population declines of many predatory species during the past decades. Many pesticides were subsequently classified as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and banned on national or global scales. However, despite their risks for non-target vertebrate wildlife, PBT substances such as anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are still permitted for use in Europe and have shown to threaten raptors. Whereas risks of ARs are known, much less information is available on emerging agrochemicals such as currently used PPPs and medicinal products (MPs) in higher trophic level species. We expect that currently used PPPs are relatively mobile (vs. lipophilic) as a consequence of the PBT criteria and thus more likely to be present in aqueous matrices. We therefore analyzed blood of 204 raptor nestlings of three terrestrial (red kite, common buzzard, Montagu’s harrier) and two aquatic species (white-tailed sea eagle, osprey) from Germany. In total, we detected ARs in 22.6% of the red kites and 8.6% of the buzzards, whereas no Montagu’s harriers or aquatic species were exposed prior to sampling. ΣAR concentration tended to be higher in North Rhine-Westphalia (vs. North-Eastern Germany) where population density is higher and intense livestock farming more frequent. Among the 90 targeted and currently used PPPs, we detected six substances from which bromoxynil (14.2%) was most frequent. Especially Montagu’s harrier (31%) and red kites (22.6%) were exposed and concentrations were higher in North Rhine-Westphalia as well. Among seven MPs, we detected ciprofloxacin (3.4%), which indicates that risk mitigation measures may be needed as resistance genes were already detected in wildlife from Germany. Taken together, our study demonstrates that raptors are exposed to various chemicals during an early life stage depending on their sampling location and underpins that red kites are at particular risk for multiple pesticide exposures in Germany.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%