Evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams from compressive measurements

Miltz, Joseph; Gruenbaum, Gad

doi:10.1002/pen.760211505

Cited by 159 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…An alternative mode to compare the static and dynamic experiment is by plotting E versus the dynamic stress as suggested earlier.gJO This mode of comparison is illustrated in Figures 8 and 9 for PUBP and PUOP, respectively, and the diagrams contain also constant energy contours as per Ref,9. It is seen that in this case the calculated curves from compressive measurements predict higher efficiencies while the correspondence relative to the stress axis is again preserved. The energy absorption at maximum efficiency is also similar in both types of experiments.…”

Section: Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Static versus dynamic evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams

Gruenbaum

Miltz

1983

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisThe protective properties of several plastic foams, represented by cushioning curves calculated from static stress-strain curves, were compared to those obtained in shock tests. It was found that the amount of energy absorbed in the two types of tests is almost the same, while the force applied to the product is about 30-50% higher in the dynamic test. Accordingly, the relatively simple static test may be used for choosing the most suitable foam for protection of a fragile product.

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Section: Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Static versus dynamic evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams

Gruenbaum

Miltz

1983

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…From stress-strain curves, the energy absorption efficiency can be calculated with the following equation: [23] …”

Section: Energy Absorption Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Heat Treatment on Compressive Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristic of ZA22 Foams

Liu

Zhu

et al. 2007

Adv Eng Mater

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Recently, metallic foams have received extensive interest as new structural and functional materials. [1] They can absorb a great deal of energy during compressive deformation at a nearly constant low stress level over a wide range of strain owing to their metallic characteristic and cellular structure. [2,3] Simultaneously, metallic foams possess excellent thermal tolerance and flame resistance. Thus, they are suitable for energy absorption in traffic and packing industry. [4] To improve the energy absorption capacity of metallic foams, researchers took several measures, e.g., adjusting foam density, changing cell geometry and altering the properties of cell wall metal. Heat treatment is considered as an effective means because it improves the compressive behavior and the energy absorption characteristic of metallic foams by altering the microstructure and property of cell wall metal. [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The heat treatment procedure for metallic foams is usually derived from the corresponding bulk metal. However, the effects of the heat treatment on the microstructure and property of metallic foams are different from that of bulk metal, because the low thermal conductivity and heterogeneous structure of metallic foams can result in insufficient quenching rate and thermal stress localization. [6] According to the previous investigations, the effect of the heat treatment on the mechanical behavior of metallic foams was related to the alloy composition and the heat treatment procedure. J. Zhou [7] studied the property of T6 heat-treated open-cell 6061 Al foams and found that heat-treated foams showed an increase in strength over the untreated ones. On the other hand, Y. Yamada [9] investigated the compressive behaviors of T6 heat-treated open-cell AZ91 Mg and SG91A Al foams and found that the strengths of T6 heat-treated foams were lower than those of as-cast foams. These results mentioned above indicate that the effect of the heat treatment under the same condition on the property of different alloy foams is different. D. Lehmhus et al. [6] found that the heat treatment of T6 condition strengthened AA6061 Al foams, and the annealing condition showed a contrary effect. The similar conclusions were gained by J. Zhou [7] for open-cell foams. So, it is concluded that the heat treatment procedure can affect the mechanical behavior of metallic foams. Especially, it is worthy to note that open-cell and closed-cell foams age-hardened direct without water quenching steps performed an increase in strength compared with the untreated ones, [8] which avoided the damage of the foam structure. [2,6] ZA22 alloy is one of the commonly used superplastic materials in industry and has obvious dependence of the strain rate sensitivity. Consequently, Zn-Al eutectoid alloy foams show a higher energy absorption capacity than Alporas foams when strain rate increases. [10] Additionally, ZA22 eutectoid alloy possesses preferable damping property arising from the phase boundary between Al-rich phase and Zn-rich phase. [14,15]...

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“…The evaluation of the cushioning properties of paper honeycomb sandwich structures is very important for optimizing package design. The methods for characterizing material cushioning properties include compression stressstrain curves, maximum acceleration and staticstress curves, 1,2 Janssen factor J, 3,4 Rusch curves, 5 energy absorption effi ciency curves 6 and energy absorption diagrams. Energy absorption diagrams identify the optimum energy absorption point of materials with different densities and at different strain rates, and can be achieved by experiment or model analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy absorption diagrams of paper honeycomb sandwich structures

Wang

Liao

2008

Packag Technol Sci

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It is very important to evaluate the cushioning properties of paper honeycomb sandwich structures for optimizing pack design. The energy absorption diagram is one method to characterize the cushioning properties of materials. In this paper, we investigate energy absorption and develop energy absorption diagrams for paper honeycomb sandwich structures. Based on static compression experiments, the compressive stress-strain curve is simplifi ed into three sections: linear elasticity, plateau and densifi cation. By considering the factors associated with the structure of paper honeycombs, the energy absorption model is obtained and characterized by the thickness-to-length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall. Both theory and experiment show that the compression energy absorption capability increases with the increasing thickness-to-length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall, and a good agreement is achieved between the theoretical and experimental energy absorption curves. The proposed method to develop an energy absorption diagram for paper honeycomb sandwich structures can be used to characterize the cushioning properties and optimize the structures of paper honeycomb sandwiches. Copyright

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Evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams from compressive measurements

Cited by 159 publications

References 6 publications

Static versus dynamic evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams

Static versus dynamic evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams

Effects of Heat Treatment on Compressive Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristic of ZA22 Foams

Energy absorption diagrams of paper honeycomb sandwich structures

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