Evaluation of Comprehensive Coelomic Fluid Analysis through Coelomic Pore Sampling as a Novel Diagnostic Tool in Elasmobranchs

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to describe a minimally invasive coelomic fluid sampling technique in elasmobranchs, to characterize the coelomic fluid composition in clinically normal and abnormal animals, and to compare findings from wild and managed populations. Fluid was collected via the coelomic pore in 89 individuals from 16 species spanning clinically normal and abnormal patients within a managed population (n = 54), a semi‐managed open‐lagoon population (n = 18), and a wild population (n = 17). Biochemical and cytological fluid analyses were performed on all samples, and bacterial and fungal culture, protein electrophoresis, and cholesterol electrophoresis were performed on a subset of samples. The presence of a variable volume of colorless to white and clear to slightly turbid coelomic fluid was consistent with a normal finding; however, the cytological and chemical makeup of coelomic fluid was found to provide additional clinically relevant information. The coelomic fluid from some of the abnormal samples (n = 37) contained white blood cells (n = 15) and concurrent bacteria (n = 7), the latter suggestive of bacterial coelomitis. Yolk was identified in both clinically normal and abnormal females. Of the biochemical parameters tested, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, osmolality, phosphorus, salinity, sodium, specific gravity, total protein, and urea nitrogen have clinical utility. Abnormal samples were mostly associated with reproductive disease, but to a lesser extent with coelomitis and hemocoelom. The wild and semi‐managed groups had biochemical differences presumably reflective of the higher salinity of ocean water compared with that in the managed habitat. Aerobic bacteria were identified in normal (n = 7) and abnormal (n = 11) animals. Positive bacterial culture without inflammation may be normal. This study contributes to a further understanding of elasmobranch coelomic fluid analysis and its use as a diagnostic modality for the evaluation of elasmobranch health.

Management of Suspected Dilated Cardiomyopathy With Pimobendan in Two Leopard Sharks (Triakis Semifasciata)

“…A large volume of coelomic fluid was observed on coelomic ultrasound (Edge Ultrasound System, SonoSite Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA; 6–13 MHz L25× transducer) without evidence of significant coelomic disease. Total solids concentration measured on coelomic fluid was within normal limits (2.1–2.6 g/dl), 1 and cytology was unremarkable. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry were unremarkable (Idexx Laboratory, Markham, ON L3R 5V2, Canada).…”