Evaluation of commercial building demand response potential using optimal short-term curtailment of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning loads

The need to increase network efficiency, enhance reliability, and reduce environmental effects, as well as advances in communication infrastructures, have led to demand response (DR) becoming an essential part of smart grid operation. DR can provide power system operators with a range of flexible resources through different schemes. From the operational decision-making viewpoint, in practice, each scheme can affect the system performance differently. Therefore, categorizing different DR schemes based on their potential impacts on the power grid, operational targets, and economic incentives can embed a pragmatic and practical perspective into the selection approach. In order to provide such insights, this paper presents an extensive review of DR programs. A goal-oriented classification based on the type of market, reliability, power flexibility and the participants' economic motivation is proposed for DR programs. The benefits and barriers based on new classes are presented. Every involved party, including the power system operator and participants, can utilize the proposed classification to select a proper plan in the DR-related ancillary service ecosystem. The various enabling technologies and practical strategies for the application of DR schemes in various sectors are reviewed. Following this, changes in the procedure of DR schemes in the smart community concept are studied. Finally, the direction of future research and development in DR is discussed and analyzed.

show abstract

“…In [201][202][203], various reports on the DR strategies used for different countries in the commercial sector have been presented. D.…”

Section: Dr Strategies In the Commercial Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Demand Response: From its Origins to the Smart Energy Community

Honarmand¹,

Hosseinnezhad

Hayes

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is widely considered as a cost-effective and reliable solution for improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the power system [5,6]. There are several examples of initiatives that incentivize electricity consumers to reduce their demand, especially during peak hours, and [7] recently studied the potential for buildings to use their HVAC systems to participate in such initiatives. Demand response schemes that provide incentives for increased electricity demand are much rarer.…”

Section: Buildings As Ancillary Service Providersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal control of a commercial building's thermostatic load for off-peak demand response

Martyr

Moriarty

Beck

2018

Journal of Building Performance Simulation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper studies the optimal control of a commercial building's thermostatic load during off-peak hours as an ancillary service to the transmission system operator of a power grid. It provides an algorithmic framework which commercial buildings can implement to cost-effectively increase their electricity demand at night while they are unoccupied, instead of using standard inflexible setpoint control. Consequently, there is minimal or no impact on user comfort, while the building manager gains an additional income stream from providing the ancillary service, and can benefit further by pre-conditioning the building for later periods. The framework helps determine the amount of flexibility that should be offered for the service, and cost optimized profiles for electricity usage when delivering the service. Numerical results show that there can be an economic incentive to participate even if the payment rate for the ancillary service is less than the price of electricity.

show abstract

“…Therefore, more research found in literature about managing buildings' DR targeted residential consumers, like in , compared to fewer research concerning commercial or industrial consumers [30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Nevertheless, HVAC systems in commercial buildings offer high potential for responding to DR events [37]. In addition to responding to price variation in RTP markets, HVAC systems in commercial buildings can provide frequency regulation services to the grid and fine-tune the balancing between supply and demand in the grid [36,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A linear optimization based controller method for real-time load shifting in industrial and commercial buildings

Abdulaal

Asfour

2016

Energy and Buildings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effective demand responsiveness (DR) is crucial to the stability of the electrical grid. With increasing penetration of renewable energy sources demands higher load variation adaptability. Therefore, consumer-side flexibility is required for responding to abrupt DR signals. Real-time pricing (RTP) offer a direct approach for continually communicating DR signals. RTP has shown effectiveness in residential applications, however, its implications are impaired in industrial buildings which are less price-elastic due to stresses imposed by just in time (JIT) manufacturing and market competition. In this paper, we propose an instantaneous demand control methodology for industrial and commercial buildings, where the DR action is continually updated as new DR signals are received. We utilize the hour-ahead RTP (RTP-HA) tariffs and the demand shifting concept. The instantaneous approach is independent of price prediction uncertainty and scheduling approaches. The controller algorithm is converted to a linear optimization problem which is solved optimally and saves computational time, making it practical for real-time use. The method is robust and verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK with actual, one week, data from eight industrial and commercial buildings in Florida. Results show modest reductions in consumers' electricity bills while maintaining required comfort standards. Results also address the load synchronization problem associated with RTP.

show abstract

Evaluation of commercial building demand response potential using optimal short-term curtailment of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning loads

Cited by 39 publications

References 5 publications

An Overview of Demand Response: From its Origins to the Smart Energy Community

An Overview of Demand Response: From its Origins to the Smart Energy Community

Optimal control of a commercial building's thermostatic load for off-peak demand response

A linear optimization based controller method for real-time load shifting in industrial and commercial buildings

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About