“…For both humans [7][8][9][10][11] and veterinary [13][14][15] patients, these complications include stent migration, 7-10,13 encrustation, 7,10,13 ureteral tissue reaction, 13,15 hematuria, 10 recurrent urinary tract infection, 10,13 ureterovesicular reflux, 10,13 and dysuria. 2,[16][17][18] Ureteronephrectomy should be avoided whenever possible, given that the underlying etiology of the condition is an obstructed ureter rather than a diseased kidney, the concurrent pyelonephritis is likely affecting the renal function of both kidneys, and these patients are prone to urolithiasis that could develop a contralateral ureteral obstruction. 10,13 Information on the treatment of pyonephrosis in the veterinary literature is sparse.…”