Evaluation of Citrate‐Phosphate‐ Dextrose‐Adenine as a Storage Medium for Packed Canine Erythrocytes

Abstract

Packed canine red blood cells (RBCs) stored in the anticoagulant-preservative solution citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) were studied at 1,10, 20,30, and 40 days. The extracellular concentrations of potassium and sodium, erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume, and osmotic fragility increased during storage (P < 0.05). There was a decrease in the pH, plasma concentration of g!ucose, and erythrocyte concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (P < 0.05). Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentration decreased by 54% within the first 24 hours of storage (P < 0.001). Posttransfusion viability (PTV) decreased from !M% on day 1 to 46% on day 40 (P < 0.05).The PTV of the RBCs stored for 10 and 20 days complied with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard.Although there are marked biochemical and hematologic changes in stored packed red blood cells (pRBCs), 20-day-old units may be expected to be of acceptable quality. The sharp decrease in 2,3-DPG concentration suggests a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in erythrocytes stored as pRBCs. Hyperkalemia occurs during storage of pRBCs and does not appear to be associated with high intraerythrocytic potassium concentrations. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:126-132) THE USE OF blood components rather than whole blood for replacement therapy has become a common practice in canine transfusion medicine. Separation of a unit of whole blood into packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and fresh-frozen or platelet-rich plasma facilitates storage and increases the utility of donated blood. Specific component hemotherapy avoids hypervolemia in anemic, normoproteinemic patients and polycythemia in nonanemic patients with coagulation factor deficiencies, hypoalbuminernia, or thrombocytopenia.The methodology currently recommended to prepare and store canine blood components has largely been extrapolated from human transfusion medicine tech-

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Glycerol and Hydroxyethyl Starch in Canine Red Blood Cell Cryopreservation

“…Many practitioners use whole blood collected using CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution) or CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution containing adenine) as the anticoagulant [8]. Some studies show that canine red blood cells (RBCs) stored in CPDA-1 drop below the Food and Drug Administration standard of 75% post-transfusion viability after only 20 days of storage at 4°C [15], even though human RBCs are routinely stored for up to 35 days. Whole blood used to be the mainstay of veterinary transfusion therapy, but the rare need for whole blood, the recognized need for specific therapy to decrease the risk of adverse reactions, the increased availability of storage facilities, and a need for more efficient use of available donor blood have made component therapy the choice in transfusion-dependent critically ill patients [8].…”

Assessment of a blood preservation protocol for use in ferrets before transfusion

“…The biochemical and haematological results reflect a rapid deterioration of the RBCs during storage, more rapid than described for human or canine stored blood (Price and others 1988, Bennett-Guerrero and others 2007). By day 7, RBC biochemical and morphological measurements in stored ferret blood are significantly different from day 0.…”

“…From day 0 to day 7, the pH dropped from 6.99±0.70 to 6.66±0.03. Similar pH values do not occur until 21 days in stored human blood (Bennett-Guerrero and others 2007) and 14 days in stored canine blood (Price and others 1988), respectively.…”

Disorders of Potassium

“…49,155 The difference between serum and plasma potassium concentrations is most pronounced in animals with thrombocytosis. 153 Regardless of the underlying mechanism, this magnitude of increase in plasma potassium concentration would be unlikely to result in detectable hyperkalemia in a recipient dog transfused with blood stored in this manner. 155 The potassium content of erythrocytes varies in mammalian species, and hemolysis can result in hyperkalemia in species that have high red cell potassium concentrations (Table 5-1).…”

“…There is a positive correlation between platelet count and serum potassium concentration in dogs. 42,48,65,93,153 In one study, storage of canine red cells in citrate-phosphate-dextroseadenine for 40 days resulted in an increase in plasma potassium concentration from 5 to almost 9 mEq/L despite the fact that the original intracellular potassium concentration in the red cells was only 3.8 mEq/L. 50,124,155 In one study, serum potassium concentration was greater than plasma potassium concentration by a mean of 0.63 mEq/L in dogs with normal platelet counts and by a mean of 1.55 mEq/L in dogs with thrombocytosis.…”