Evaluation of Chemical Mechanical Polishing-Based Surface Modification on 3D Dental Implants Compared to Alternative Methods

Abstract

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been introduced in previous studies as a synergistic technique to modify the surface chemistry and topography of titanium-based implants to control their biocompatibility. In this study, the effectiveness of CMP implementation on titanium-based implant surface modification was compared to machined implants, such as baseline and etching and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) particle-based sand blasting treatments, in terms of the surface chemical and mechanical performance. Initially, a lab-scale 3D CMP technique was developed and optimized on commercial dental implant samples. The mechanical competitiveness of the dental implants treated with the selected methods was examined with the Vickers microhardness test as well as pull-out force and removal torque force measurements. Furthermore, the surface structures were quantified through evaluation of the arithmetic mean roughness parameter (Ra). Subsequently, the surface chemistry changes on the treated implants were studied as wettability by contact angle measurement, and surface passivation was evaluated through electrochemical methods. In each evaluation, the CMP treated samples were observed to perform equal or better than the baseline machined implants as well as the current method of choice, the BCP treatment. The ability to control the surface topography and chemistry simultaneously by the use of CMP technique is believed to be the motivation for its adaptation for the modification of implant surfaces in the near future.

Sandblasted and Acid Etched Titanium Dental Implant Surfaces Systematic Review and Confocal Microscopy Evaluation

“…In this case the turns of the dental implant with different dimensions, number and pitch may be affected. Coils may be present or not [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. The function of the loops is to efficiently distribute the masticatory load and to guarantee stability in the early post-surgical phases of the implant [41,42,43].…”

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium-Based Implants with Metal-Based Antimicrobial Agents

“…The modification of the surfaces of biomedical implants to enhance tissue attachment and prevent implant infections evolved from the mechanical modification of the surface of a medical device (grinding) [9,10], morphological alteration (blast, groove, etching) [11][12][13], physicochemical active surface treatments (chemical treatment and hydroxyapatite coating) [14][15][16][17][18], biochemical active surface treatments (immobilization of biofunctional molecules) [19][20][21][22][23] and, finally, modifying the biologically active surface of the implant by coating it with stem cells and antibacterial agents [24][25][26][27][28]. Since the discovery of osseointegration (the direct and stable anchorage of an implant due to the formation of bony tissue around the implant) and the race for the surface (the race between microbial adhesion and biofilm growth on an implant surface versus tissue integration) [29], it has been evident that coating of implant surfaces with the appropriate antibacterial agents would enhance osseointegration and prevent infections.…”

Laser Polishing of Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Synthesized by Selective Laser Melting

“…Also, electro-polishing has been shown in a number of cases to have a negative impact on the environment [15,16,17,18,19]. There is a similar consideration of the negative effect on the environment during the application of the chemical mechanical polishing technique (CMP), in which chemical and abrasive materials are used [20,21]. AlMangour B. et al [22] investigated the improvement of the surface quality and mechanical properties of 17-4 stainless steel flat samples manufactured by direct metal laser sintering (DMLS).…”