It has been experimentally
observed that water–ice-embedded
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) form radical cations when
exposed to vacuum UV irradiation, whereas ammonia-embedded PAHs lead
to the formation of radical anions. In this study, we explain this
phenomenon by investigating the fundamental electronic differences
between water and ammonia, the implications of these differences on
the PAH–water and PAH–ammonia interaction, and the possible
ionization pathways in these complexes using density functional theory
(DFT) computations. In the framework of the Kohn–Sham molecular
orbital (MO) theory, we show that the ionic state of the PAH photoproducts
results from the degree of occupied–occupied MO mixing between
the PAHs and the matrix molecules. When interacting with the PAH,
the lone pair-type highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of water
has poor orbital overlap and is too low in energy to mix with the
filled π-orbitals of the PAH. As the lone-pair HOMO of ammonia
is significantly higher in energy and has better overlap with filled
π-orbitals of the PAH, the subsequent Pauli repulsion leads
to mixed MOs with both PAH and ammonia character. By time-dependent
DFT calculations, we demonstrate that the formation of mixed PAH–ammonia
MOs opens alternative charge-transfer excitation pathways as now electronic
density from ammonia can be transferred to unoccupied PAH levels,
yielding anionic PAHs. As this pathway is much less available for
water-embedded PAHs, charge transfer mainly occurs from localized
PAH MOs to mixed PAH–water virtual levels, leading to cationic
PAHs.