Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dogs Diagnosed with Chiari-Like Malformation with or without Concurrent Syringomyelia

Whittaker, Danielle; English, Kate; McGonnell, Imelda M.; Volk, Holger A.

doi:10.1177/104063871102300216

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Although the average TNCC was not increased in our dogs, CSF white blood cell count was higher in dogs with CCD > 1 mm. This finding is consistent with a previous study that found dogs with SM had higher TNCC than dogs without CM …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Freeman

Platt

Kent

et al. 2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAlthough Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs.ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed.AnimalsEighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited.MethodsProspective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student's t‐test, Spearman's correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate.ResultsChiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSyringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Freeman

Platt

Kent

et al. 2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…There is limited data concerning CSF abnormalities in association with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus in animals. A mild increase in total nuclear cell counts (8 cells/μL) was found in CSF of dogs with syringomyelia attributed to parenchymal damage of the spinal cord 46 . Damage of periventricular white matter could also lead to elevation in cell counts in absence of inflammatory diseases, however, cytological examination in humans with idiopathic hydrocephalus are essentially normal and idiopathic hydrocephalus is not considered to cause alteration in composition of the CSF 47,48 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt

Farke

Kolecka

Czerwik

et al. 2020

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Seizures are considered a clinical sign in dogs with internal hydrocephalus but are not found in recent studies. Seizure prevalence due to ventricular enlargement and the prevalence of postoperative seizures in animals is not known. Objectives: To determine seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus, to identify risk factors for seizure development, and to determine seizure prevalence in a 2-year period after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (VPS). Animals: Records and MRIs of 197 animals from 2001 to December 2019 were investigated. A total of 121 animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) were included in the study. Methods: A retrospective multicenter case cohort study was conducted. Databases were searched for dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus. MRI and CSF examinations were evaluated for signs of additional underlying disorders. Prevalence of seizures was estimated for animals showing only hydrocephalus internus. Risk factors were evaluated according to age, morphometric and morphological findings in the brain. All animals that underwent surgery were reexamined 2 years after surgery. Results: One hundred twenty-one animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) with internal hydrocephalus met the inclusion criteria. Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus was low (1.7%; <5.8% CI 95%). Seizures were not observed in the 2-year period after surgery. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats diagnosed with hydrocephalus internus is low. Seizures in association with VPS do not seem to be a complication of the procedure.

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“…In a study of dogs diagnosed with Chiari-like malformations, CSF of dogs with syringomyelia had higher total nucleated cell count, higher protein concentration, and an increased neutrophil percentage. There was also a strong positive correlation between total nucleated cell count and the size of the syrinx [13]. Disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier resulting in increased permeability has been suggested as the most likely mechanism of increased CSF protein concentration with syringomyelia.…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 75%

Syringomyelia in the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord of an African Wild Dog (Lycaon Pictus)

BS¹

2017

BJSTR

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A 31-day-old, captive born, male, African wild dog (Lycaon pictus, AWD) displayed hind limb ataxia and weakness since the onset of ambulation. Separation of the animal carried a high risk of aggression to the litter from the pack, leading to a conservative medical approach throughout the case. At 36 days of age, the clinical signs became more notable and the animal was visually smaller and thinner than its littermates. Although able to stand, it displayed an unsteady gait, taking a few steps at a time before the hind limbs collapsed. On physical examination, the animal was bright, alert and responsive, had a body condition score of 2/5, and displayed postural reaction (PR) deficits in both hind legs, more pronounced on the left. The remainder of the neurological examination, including the thoracic limb reflexes and cranial nerve evaluation, was normal. Ulcerated skin calluses of 1 cm diameter were present bilaterally on the elbows as a result of the hind limb weakness and increased time spent in recumbency. Mild laxity in the coxofemoral joints was noted on palpation. Radiographs showed left coxofemoral joint subluxation and mild muscle atrophy of the left hind limb. There was also asymmetry of the left capital femoral physis. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed (HiSpeed CT/I, GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188, USA; 3mm slice thickness, 1.25 mm reconstruction interval, soft tissue reconstruction algorithm) that supported the findings of the left hind limb muscle atrophy, but could not confirm the coxofemoral joint changes seen on radiographs. No abnormalities of the vertebral column or spinal cord were detected. The gait abnormalities were thought to be due to laxity in the tendons and ligaments of the coxofemoral joints.As the animal grew, its ability to ambulate improved, but the gait remained abnormal with the animal intermittently falling to the side with both hind limbs. At 45 days of age it was able to keep up with the pack and by 52 days the elbow lesions were resolving. At 66 days of age, the animal was reevaluated. Body condition score had declined to 1.5/5 and new superficial abrasions were present on the dorsal lateral aspect of both hind feet, due to its abnormal Abstract A captive born neonatal African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) exhibited hind limb weakness and ataxia since the onset of ambulation. Initial examination at one month of age revealed postural reaction deficits in both hind legs and moderate muscle atrophy. After sustaining a bite wound to the head, the animal was reexamined at 87 days of age. A cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a mild mononuclear pleocytosis. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated a large syrinx in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The animal was subsequently euthanized and necropsy confirmed the presence of a 1.5 cm x 3 mm syrinx at the T13-L1 level of the spinal cord. This is the first report of syringomyelia in any nondomestic canid. Limited genetic diversity in the captive African wild dog population may contribute to increasing prevalence of rare c...

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Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dogs Diagnosed with Chiari-Like Malformation with or without Concurrent Syringomyelia

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt

Syringomyelia in the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord of an African Wild Dog (Lycaon Pictus)

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